Safeguarding the environment is one of the most serious modern challenges, as increasing amounts of chemical compounds are produced and released into the environment, causing a serious threat to the future health of the Earth as well as organisms and humans on a global scale. Ecotoxicology is an integrative science involving different physical, chemical, biological, and social aspects concerned with the study of toxic effects caused by natural or synthetic pollutants on any constituents of ecosystems, including animals (including humans), plants, or microorganisms, in an integral context. In recent decades, this science has undergone considerable development by addressing environmental risk assessments through the biomonitoring of indicator species using biomarkers, model organisms, and nanocompounds in toxicological assays. Since a single taxon cannot be representative of complex ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms of action of a chemical, the use of test batteries is widely accepted in ecotoxicology. Test batteries include properly chosen organisms that are easy to breed, adapt easily to laboratory conditions, and are representative of the environmental compartment under consideration. One of the main issues of toxicological and ecotoxicological research is to gain a deeper understanding of how data should be obtained through laboratory and field approaches using experimental models and how they could be extrapolated to humans. There is a tendency to replace animal tests with in vitro systems and to perform them according to standardized analytical methods and the rules of the so-called good laboratory practice (GLP). This paper aims to review this topic to stimulate both efforts to understand the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of natural and synthetic chemicals and the possible use of such data for application to humans.

随着越来越多的化学化合物产生并释放到环境中，保护环境是最严峻的现代挑战之一，这对地球以及全球范围内的生物和人类的未来健康构成了严重威胁。生态毒理学是一门综合科学，涉及自然，合成污染物对生态系统的任何组成部分（包括动物（包括人），植物或微生物）造成的毒性作用的研究，涉及不同的物理，化学，生物学和社会方面语境。在最近的几十年中，通过在毒理学检测中使用生物标记，模型生物和纳米化合物对指示剂物种进行生物监测来解决环境风险评估，这项科学已经取得了长足的发展。由于单个分类单元不能代表复杂的生态毒理学作用和化学物质的作用机理，因此在生态毒理学中广泛使用测试电池。测试电池包括适当地选择那些容易滋生，很容易适应实验室条件，并代表所考虑的环境舱的有机体。毒理学和生态毒理学研究的主要问题之一是加深对应如何使用实验模型通过实验室和现场方法获取数据以及如何将其推断给人类的了解。有一种趋势是用体外系统代替动物试验，并按照标准化的分析方法和所谓的“良好实验室规范”（GLP）的规则进行动物试验。