Abstract
Safeguarding the environment is one of the most serious modern challenges, as increasing amounts of chemical compounds are produced and released into the environment, causing a serious threat to the future health of the Earth as well as organisms and humans on a global scale. Ecotoxicology is an integrative science involving different physical, chemical, biological, and social aspects concerned with the study of toxic effects caused by natural or synthetic pollutants on any constituents of ecosystems, including animals (including humans), plants, or microorganisms, in an integral context. In recent decades, this science has undergone considerable development by addressing environmental risk assessments through the biomonitoring of indicator species using biomarkers, model organisms, and nanocompounds in toxicological assays. Since a single taxon cannot be representative of complex ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms of action of a chemical, the use of test batteries is widely accepted in ecotoxicology. Test batteries include properly chosen organisms that are easy to breed, adapt easily to laboratory conditions, and are representative of the environmental compartment under consideration. One of the main issues of toxicological and ecotoxicological research is to gain a deeper understanding of how data should be obtained through laboratory and field approaches using experimental models and how they could be extrapolated to humans. There is a tendency to replace animal tests with in vitro systems and to perform them according to standardized analytical methods and the rules of the so-called good laboratory practice (GLP). This paper aims to review this topic to stimulate both efforts to understand the toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of natural and synthetic chemicals and the possible use of such data for application to humans.
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Acknowledgements
An NSYSU/KMU collaboration is acknowledged (108-PO25). All authors are grateful for the language revision by native speaker Prof. Samuel Denny from the Department of English Education at Sangmyung University (Seoul, Korea). Our figures were created with BioRender.
Funding
Lopes A.M. received financial support from FAPESP (São Paulo Research Foundation, Brazil) through the following projects: #2017/10789-1, and #2018/10799-0. A grant from MOST to Tan Han Shih (Hans-Uwe Dahms) (MOST 108-2621-M-037-001 and MOST 109-2621-M-037-001 awarded to T.H. Shih). This work was financially supported by the Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan from “The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project” by the Ministry of Education (MOE) in Taiwan.
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AML, HUD, AC, and GLM analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript.
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Lopes, A.M., Dahms, HU., Converti, A. et al. Role of model organisms and nanocompounds in human health risk assessment. Environ Monit Assess 193, 285 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09066-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09066-2