We analyzed all U.S. Supreme Court cases as of June 6, 2020 where private complainants filed either a §1983 action or Bivens action against police officers who claimed the defense of qualified immunity (N = 29). Empirical analysis of qualified immunity claims involving excessive force, unlawful warrant executions, and unlawful warrantless searches and arrests reveal the Court’s growing trend of ruling in favor of police officers. In 10 out of 13 cases involving excessive force claims, three out of five unlawful warrant execution claims, and nine out of 10 unlawful warrantless searches and arrests claims, the Court granted police officers’ qualified immunity. The requirement for private complainants to identify a case where the Court ruled against the officer in similar circumstances makes it extremely difficult to defeat the defense of qualified immunity. The Court should reconsider its standard of proving “clearly established rights,” an element of qualified immunity.

我们分析了所有的美国最高法院案件在2020年6月6日，在私人原告提起或者是§1983行动或针对警察谁声称的免疫合格的防守比文斯行动（的ñ = 29）。对合格的豁免权要求进行的实证分析涉及过度的武力，非法的手令执行以及非法的无根据的搜查和逮捕，这表明法院越来越倾向于对警官作出裁决。在涉及过分使用武力的13个案件中，有10个是非法执行手令的3个，有10个非法无证搜查和逮捕请求中的9个，法院给予了警官一定的豁免权。由于要求私人申诉人确定法院在类似情况下对官员做出判决的案件，因此很难打消对合格豁免的辩护。法院应重新考虑其证明“明确确立的权利”的标准，这是有资格豁免的要素。