In this study, we have successfully synthesized cellulose nanocrystal/hydroxyapatite nanostructure (CN/HAP) hybrids using Phoenix dactylifera lignocellulosic biomass and eggshell as bio-precursors. CN/HAP nanohybrids were synthesized via ultrasonication. The prepared nanohybrids were characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD and FTIR results indicate CN/HAP hybrid formation. TEM images displayed ~10 to 50 nm HAP nanoparticles decorated on 100 to 200 nm CN matrix. Cell viability assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining results revealed that CN/HAP nanohybrids do not alter cell viability and morphology, indicating that nanohybrids are non-toxic and biocompatible. CN/HAP nanohybrids increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium nodule formation with upregulation of osteogenic marker (BMP-2, BMP-4, ALP, and BGLAP) gene expression in hMSCs. Overall, the findings suggest that agro-waste-derived CN/HAP hybrids can be suitable for bone tissue engineering applications.

在这项研究中，我们已经成功地使用Phoenix dactylifera合成了纤维素纳米晶体/羟基磷灰石纳米结构（CN / HAP）杂化物木质纤维素生物质和蛋壳作为生物前体。通过超声合成CN / HAP纳米杂化物。通过傅立叶变换红外（FTIR）光谱，X射线衍射（XRD），热重分析，扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对制备的纳米杂化物进行表征。XRD和FTIR结果表明形成了CN / HAP杂化物。TEM图像显示在100至200 nm CN基质上装饰的〜10至50 nm HAP纳米颗粒。细胞活力测定和a啶橙/溴化乙锭染色结果表明，CN / HAP纳米杂化物不会改变细胞活力和形态，表明纳米杂化物无毒且具有生物相容性。CN / HAP纳米杂交体增加成骨标记物（BMP-2的表达）增强碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性和钙小结形成，BMP-4，ALP和BGLAP）基因在hMSC中的表达。总体而言，研究结果表明，源自农业废物的CN / HAP杂种可适用于骨组织工程应用。