In recent years, agroforestry has gained increasing attention as an option to simultaneously alleviate poverty, provide ecological benefits, and mitigate climate change. The present study simulates small-scale farmers’ agroforestry adoption decisions to investigate the consequences for livelihoods and the environment over time. To explore the interdependencies between agroforestry adoption, livelihoods, and the environment, an agent-based model adjusted to a case study area in rural Indonesia was implemented. Thereby, the model compares different scenarios, including a climate change scenario. The agroforestry system under investigation consists of an illipe (Shorea stenoptera) rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) mix, which are both locally valued tree species. The simulations reveal that farmers who adopt agroforestry diversify their livelihood portfolio while increasing income. Additionally, the model predicts environmental benefits: enhanced biodiversity and higher carbon sequestration in the landscape. The benefits of agroforestry for livelihoods and nature gain particular importance in the climate change scenario. The results therefore provide policy-makers and practitioners with insights into the dynamic economic and environmental advantages of promoting agroforestry.

中文翻译：

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模拟印度尼西亚农村地区农林业的采用：树木在农场上的谋生和环境潜力

近年来，农林业作为一种同时减轻贫困，提供生态效益和减轻气候变化的选择而受到越来越多的关注。本研究模拟了小规模农户采用农林业的决定，以调查随着时间的流逝对生计和环境的影响。为了探索农林业的采用，生计与环境之间的相互依赖关系，实施了一种基于代理人的模型，该模型适用于印度尼西亚农村地区的案例研究区域。因此，该模型比较了不同的情景，包括气候变化情景。被调查的农林业系统由一种不成熟的橡胶（Shorea stenoptera）橡胶（巴西橡胶树）组成。）混合，它们都是当地有价值的树种。模拟结果表明，采用农林业的农民可以在增加收入的同时实现多样化的生计。此外，该模型还预测了环境效益：生物多样性的增加和景观中碳固存的增加。在气候变化的情况下，农林业对民生和自然的好处尤为重要。因此，结果为决策者和从业者提供了洞悉促进农林业发展的动态经济和环境优势的见识。