This paper presents a state-of-the-art overview of water and energy optimisation methods with applications to Kraft pulp mills. The main conclusions are highlighted, and several research gaps are identified and proposed for future research. Kraft processes have the potential to be adapted to biorefineries for producing biofuels and other high-value products from wood biomass. Biorefineries enable opportunities to increase the revenue of the process, reduce fossil fuels usage and greenhouse gas emissions. However, to ensure an effective Kraft process transformation, the existing mill infrastructure needs to be consolidated. In this sense, the water system, the heat exchanger network and the utility system should all be optimised together. A series of systematic methods (process integration-conceptual and mathematical programming) have been identified in the literature, along with the results of several case studies that reduce water and energy consumption in Kraft processes. Initial studies in this field considered and solved separate water and energy integration problems, but recent works have been focused on the development of methods for combined water and energy integration and their application to various processes. Typical savings lead to freshwater consumption decreases between 20 and 80% and energy consumption reductions between 15 and 40%.

本文介绍了水和能源优化方法的最新发展概况，并将其应用于牛皮纸制浆厂。突出了主要结论，并确定了一些研究空白并提出以供将来研究。牛皮纸工艺有可能适用于生物精炼厂，以利用木材生物质生产生物燃料和其他高价值产品。生物精炼厂提供了机会，以增加该过程的收入，减少化石燃料的使用和温室气体的排放。但是，为了确保有效的牛皮纸工艺转换，需要合并现有的工厂基础设施。从这个意义上讲，水系统，热交换器网络和公用事业系统都应一起进行优化。文献中已经确定了一系列系统的方法（过程集成，概念编程和数学编程），以及一些减少卡夫工艺中水和能源消耗的案例研究的结果。该领域的初步研究考虑并解决了水和能源整合的问题，但是最近的工作集中在水和能源整合的方法的开发及其在各种过程中的应用。典型的节约导致淡水消耗减少20％至80％，能耗减少15％至40％。但是最近的工作集中在开发水和能源结合的综合方法及其在各种过程中的应用。典型的节约导致淡水消耗减少20％至80％，能耗减少15％至40％。但是最近的工作集中在开发水和能源结合的综合方法及其在各种过程中的应用。典型的节约导致淡水消耗减少20％至80％，能耗减少15％至40％。