In temperate Europe, oak-dominated forests are widespread, supporting high biodiversity and providing important ecosystem services. Insufficient natural regeneration has, however, been a concern for over a century. The objective of this study was to gain insights into differences in regeneration success using artificial and natural regeneration techniques for reforestation of oak (Quercus robur L.) stands. We monitored seedlings following planting, direct seeding and natural regeneration over five years in a randomized block experiment in southern Sweden with fenced and non-fenced plots. Fencing had a strong positive effect on height growth, especially for planted seedlings that were taller than the other seedlings and more frequently browsed in non-fenced plots. In contrast, there was little effect of fencing on survival, establishment rate and recruitment rate of seedlings. Due to aboveground damage on seedlings from voles, protection of acorns did not improve establishment rate following direct seeding. Under current circumstances at the site with a sparse shelterwood of old oaks, we conclude that natural regeneration was the most cost-efficient regeneration method. It resulted in the most seedlings at the lowest cost. However, regeneration success was heavily influenced by interference from herbaceous vegetation. With a small additional investment in vegetation control, the results might have been improved for planting and direct seeding.

在温带的欧洲，以橡树为主的森林广泛分布，支持高生物多样性并提供重要的生态系统服务。然而，一个世纪以来，自然再生不足一直是人们关注的问题。这项研究的目的是深入了解使用人工和自然再生技术进行橡树造林（栎木）的再生成功率的差异。L.）站立。在瑞典南部有围栏和非围栏样地的随机区组实验中，我们对种植，直接播种和五年以上自然再生后的幼苗进行了监测。围栏对身高生长有很强的积极影响，特别是对于种植的幼苗，这些幼苗比其他幼苗高，并且在非围栏地块中浏览频率更高。相比之下，围栏对幼苗的存活，定植率和募集率几乎没有影响。由于田鼠对田鼠造成的地上伤害，对橡子的保护并没有提高直接播种后的定植率。在当前情况下，在旧橡树稀疏的遮盖木材现场，我们得出结论，自然再生是最经济高效的再生方法。这样可以以最低的成本获得最多的幼苗。然而，草本植物的干扰严重影响了再生的成功。只需少量的植被控制投资，种植和直接播种的结果可能会得到改善。