Accumulating evidence has revealed the link between the microbiota and various human diseases. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have identified some consistent disease-associated microbial features, leading to the emerging concept of microbiome-based therapeutics. However, it is also becoming clear that there are considerable variations in the microbiota among patients with the same disease. Variations in the microbial composition and function contribute to substantial differences in metabolic status of the host via production of a myriad of biochemically and functionally different microbial metabolites. Indeed, compelling evidence indicates that individuality of the microbiome may result in individualized responses to microbiome-based therapeutics and other interventions. Mechanistic understanding of the role of the microbiota in diseases and drug metabolism would help us to identify causal relationships and thus guide the development of microbiome-based precision or personalized medicine. In this review, we provide an overview of current efforts to use microbiome-based interventions for the treatment of diseases such as cancer, neurological disorders, and diabetes to approach precision medicine.

越来越多的证据揭示了微生物群与各种人类疾病之间的联系。高通量测序技术的进步已经确定了一些与疾病相关的微生物特征，从而导致了基于微生物组的疗法的新兴概念。然而，同样清楚的是，患有相同疾病的患者的微生物群存在相当大的差异。微生物组成和功能的变化通过产生无数生化和功能不同的微生物代谢物，导致宿主代谢状态的显着差异。事实上，令人信服的证据表明，微生物组的个体性可能导致对基于微生物组的疗法和其他干预措施的个体化反应。对微生物群在疾病和药物代谢中作用的机制理解将有助于我们识别因果关系，从而指导基于微生物组的精准医疗或个性化医疗的发展。在这篇综述中，我们概述了当前使用基于微生物组的干预措施来治疗癌症、神经系统疾病和糖尿病等疾病以接近精准医学的努力。