Most psycholinguistic models of lexical processing assume that the comprehension and production of inflected forms is mediated by morphemic constituents. Several more recent studies, however, have challenged this assumption by providing empirical evidence that information about individual inflected forms and their paradigmatic relations is available in long-term memory (Baayen et al. 1997; Milin et al. 2009a, 2009b). Here, we investigate how whole-word frequency, inflectional paradigm size and morphological family size affect production latencies and articulation durations when subjects are asked to read aloud isolated Estonian case-inflected nouns. In Experiment 1, we observed that words with a larger morphological family elicited shorter speech onset latencies, and that forms with higher whole-word frequency had shorter acoustic durations. Experiment 2, for which we increased statistical power by using 2,800 words, revealed that higher whole-word frequency, inflectional paradigm size, and morphological family size reduced both speech onset times and acoustic durations. These results extend our knowledge of morphological processing in three ways. First, whole-word frequency effects of inflected forms in morphologically rich languages are not restricted to a small number of very high-frequency forms, contrary to previous claims (Niemi et al. 1994; Hankamer 1989; Yang 2016). Second, we replicated the morphological family size effect in a new domain, the acoustic durations of inflected forms. Third, we showed that a novel paradigmatic measure, inflectional paradigm size, predicts word naming latencies and acoustic durations. These results fit well with Word-and-Paradigm morphology (Blevins 2016) and argue against strictly (de)compositional models of lexical processing.

中文翻译：

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爱沙尼亚语带格变形名词的产生显示了全字词的频率和范式效应

大多数词汇处理的心理语言模型都假定，词形的理解和产生是由语素成分介导的。然而，最近的一些研究通过提供经验证据证明有关单个变形形式及其范式关系的信息可长期存储（Baayen等，1997； Milin等，2009a，2009b），对这一假设提出了挑战。在这里，我们研究了当要求被试者大声朗读爱沙尼亚语中不区分大小写的名词时，全字频率，词尾变化范式大小和形态族大小如何影响生产潜伏期和发音持续时间。在实验1中，我们观察到具有较大形态族的单词会引起较短的语音起音潜伏期，而具有较高全单词频率的形式的语音持续时间较短。实验2通过增加2800个单词的使用来提高统计能力，结果表明，更高的全单词频率，变形模式大小和形态族大小可以减少语音起音时间和声音持续时间。这些结果以三种方式扩展了我们对形态加工的认识。首先，与先前的主张相反（Niemi et al.1994; Hankamer 1989; Yang 2016），形态丰富的语言中的变形形式的全词频率效应并不局限于少数几个非常高频率的形式。第二，我们在一个新的领域，即弯曲形式的声学持续时间中，复制了形态学家族大小效应。第三，我们证明了一种新颖的范式度量，即屈折范式大小，可以预测单词命名潜伏期和声音持续时间。