What are the conditions under which participatory institutions increase the voice of marginalized groups in policymaking? Existing studies of local participatory institutions highlight the role of leftist politicians and a strong civil society in determining outcomes, yet they fail to explain significant variation among participatory institutions at the national level. Examining the case of Brazil’s AIDS policy sector, this article argues that to fully understand the dynamics of national participatory governance, we must consider the role of bureaucrats. As studies of state-society synergy have shown, bureaucrats may seek outside political support from civil society when other actors inside the state prevent them from advancing their policy preferences. National bureaucrats may create new participatory institutions, and even help civil society delegates coordinate their engagement in such institutions, as strategies to strengthen their policy alliances with civil society.

中文翻译：

---

使国家参与机构发挥作用：巴西的官僚、活动家和艾滋病政策

参与式机构在哪些条件下增加了边缘化群体在决策中的发言权？对地方参与机构的现有研究强调左翼政治家和强大的公民社会在决定结果方面的作用，但未能解释国家层面参与机构之间的显着差异。本文以巴西的艾滋病政策部门为例，认为要充分了解国家参与式治理的动态，我们必须考虑官僚的作用。正如对国家与社会协同作用的研究所表明的那样，当国家内部的其他行为者阻止他们推进政策偏好时，官僚可能会寻求公民社会的外部政治支持。国家官僚可以创建新的参与机构，