Marine exploitation in Byzantium had developed to become an industry by the early 10th century, but the systematic study of the various pieces of information scattered through a range of sources has only just begun. Despite the piecemeal nature of the evidence, it has been possible to sketch out a picture of the organised and methodical exploitation of the empire’s marine resources through large and expensive investments, such as in epochai and vivaria, which facilitated an uninterrupted supply of marine products to the cities. It is the development of these features that merits the use of the term “industry”. Byzantium sustained elaborate methods for supplying food to its employees which was provided either during the exercise of their duties, as part of their reward, as a mark of their privileged status, or even based on legitimate legal claims. Large groups of people benefited from the work of those involved in primary production (fishermen, epochai/vivaria owners and lease holders), without necessarily having contributed to the initial investments or expenses. By clarifying these distribution methods, it is evident that the circulation and consumption of marine products in Byzantium was larger than previously thought, and middle and lower class citizens actually did participate and have a share in it. Marine product consumption was not simply restricted by the producer-buyer or offer-demand relationship, it involved social parameters that are not immediately and easily recognisable because of the fragmentary nature of the available information.

中文翻译：

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拜占庭海产品的流通、分配和消费：一些思考

到 10 世纪初，拜占庭的海洋开发已发展成为一项产业，但对分散在各种来源中的各种信息的系统研究才刚刚开始。尽管证据是零碎的，但可以勾勒出帝国海洋资源有组织和有条不紊地开发的图景，例如在epochai 和vivaria 等大型且昂贵的投资，这些投资促进了对海洋产品的不间断供应。城市。正是这些特征的发展才值得使用“工业”一词。拜占庭采用精心设计的方法为其员工提供食物，这些食物要么是在履行职责期间提供，要么是作为奖励的一部分，要么是作为其特权地位的标志，要么是基于合法的合法要求。大量人群从参与初级生产的人（渔民、epochai/vivaria 所有者和租赁持有人）的工作中受益，而不必为初始投资或支出做出贡献。通过厘清这些分配方式，可以看出拜占庭海产品的流通和消费量比之前想象的要大，中下层公民也确实参与并占有了一部分。海洋产品消费不仅受生产者-购买者或供求关系的限制，还涉及由于可用信息的零散性质而无法立即和容易识别的社会参数。不一定对初始投资或费用做出贡献。通过厘清这些分配方式，可以看出拜占庭海产品的流通和消费量比之前想象的要大，中下层公民也确实参与并占有了一部分。海洋产品消费不仅受生产者-购买者或供求关系的限制，还涉及由于可用信息的零散性质而无法立即和容易识别的社会参数。不一定对初始投资或费用做出贡献。通过厘清这些分配方式，可以看出拜占庭海产品的流通和消费量比之前想象的要大，中下层公民也确实参与并占有了一部分。海洋产品消费不仅受生产者-购买者或供求关系的限制，还涉及由于可用信息的零散性质而无法立即和容易识别的社会参数。而中下层公民实际上确实参与并分享了其中的一部分。海洋产品消费不仅受生产者-购买者或供求关系的限制，还涉及由于可用信息的零散性质而无法立即和容易识别的社会参数。而中下层公民实际上确实参与并分享了其中的一部分。海洋产品消费不仅受生产者-购买者或供求关系的限制，还涉及由于可用信息的零散性质而无法立即和容易识别的社会参数。