This essay discusses transformations in the ritual use of blood offerings from late medieval to contemporary Tantric and Tantra-influenced traditions. Specifically, it examines animal sacrifice and the use of animal blood or body parts in defensive and/or destructive Tantric uccāṭana rituals in historical text sources and in Tantra-influenced ojhāī practices (North Indian popular ritual practices of self-defense and/or destruction that are widely perceived as Tantra affiliated) in contemporary religion. The essay argues that while uccāṭana—mainly because of its partly destructive character and demand for blood—was apparently never integrated into non-Tantric traditions in an unaltered form, it does serve as one of several roots for contemporary ojhāī rituals. Thus, a form of ‘uccāṭana light’ (including but not limited to blood offerings) has found its way into popular Hinduism.

中文翻译：

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以血根除：密宗和密宗仪式中动物祭祀的文本和背景

本文讨论了从中世纪晚期到当代密宗和密宗影响传统的献血仪式使用的转变。具体来说，它研究了动物献祭以及在防御性和/或破坏性的密宗 uccāṭana 仪式中使用动物献祭以及在历史文本来源和受密宗影响的 ojhāī 实践（北印度流行的自卫和/或破坏的仪式实践）在当代宗教中被广泛认为是密宗附属）。这篇文章认为，虽然 uccāṭana - 主要是因为其部分破坏性特征和对血液的需求 - 显然从未以不变的形式融入非密宗传统，但它确实是当代 ojhāī 仪式的几个根源之一。因此，