Purpose of Review

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be managed by insulin replacement, but it is still associated with an increased risk of microvascular/cardiovascular complications. There is considerable interest in antigen-specific approaches for treating T1D due to their potential for a favorable risk-benefit ratio relative to non-specific immune-based treatments. Here we review recent antigen-specific tolerance approaches using auto-antigen and/or immunomodulatory agents in NOD mice and provide insight into seemingly contradictory findings.

Recent Findings

Although delivery of auto-antigen alone can prevent T1D in NOD mice, this approach may be prone to inconsistent results and has not demonstrated an ability to reverse established T1D. Conversely, several approaches that promote presentation of auto-antigen in a tolerogenic context through cell/tissue targeting, delivery system properties, or the delivery of immunomodulatory agents have had success in reversing recent-onset T1D in NOD mice.

Summary

While initial auto-antigen based approaches were unable to substantially influence T1D progression clinically, recent antigen-specific approaches have promising potential.

中文翻译：

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基于自身抗原和免疫调节剂的NOD小鼠抗原特异性耐受方法

审查目的

1型糖尿病（T1D）可以通过胰岛素替代治疗，但仍会增加微血管/心血管并发症的风险。抗原特异性治疗T1D的方法引起了极大的兴趣，因为相对于基于非特异性免疫的治疗方法，它们可能具有有利的风险收益比。在这里，我们回顾了在NOD小鼠中使用自身抗原和/或免疫调节剂的最新抗原特异性耐受方法，并提供了对看似矛盾的发现的了解。

最近的发现

尽管单独递送自身抗原可以预防NOD小鼠中的T1D，但这种方法可能会产生不一致的结果，并且尚未显示出逆转已建立T1D的能力。相反，通过细胞/组织靶向，递送系统特性或免疫调节剂的递送，在致耐受性背景下促进自身抗原呈递的几种方法已成功逆转了NOD小鼠的近期发作T1D。

概要

虽然最初的基于自身抗原的方法不能在临床上实质性地影响T1D进程，但最近的抗原特异性方法具有广阔的前景。