Detecting the number of invasions is crucial to understanding the process of invasion and perhaps the success of some invasive pest species. Detecting multiple invasions can be difficult using partial mitochondrial COI, however, due to lack of variation. To examine the post-invasion history of Bemisia argentifolii (also called B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 and B biotype) in Australia and test for the presence of spatial genetic structure, we developed microsatellite loci based on the whole-genome sequence of B. argentifolii. We investigated gene flow among populations of B. argentifolii collected between 1995 and 2018, covering the time since the first detection in Australia (1994). Structure plots and PCAs of the microsatellite data revealed three clusters in 1995–1996, indicating multiple introductions. Since then, B. argentifolii has become a widespread single genetic population across the continent, with no geographic genetic structure in recent samples. The haplotype network generated from mitochondrial COI shows that Australian B. argentifolii mostly has the same haplotype as the invasive populations established elsewhere around the world. Analysis of the more recent samples showed that gene flow was high across regions, indicating movement of B. argentifolii across Australia is currently extensive. Undesirable traits and pathogens not already present in Australia, including insecticide resistance and plant viruses, could arrive with any new introductions of B. argentifolii and are likely to spread rapidly and be difficult to contain. This highlights the importance of biosecurity and continued quarantine measures to prevent new incursions, even when a species has already established.

检测入侵的数量对于了解入侵过程以及某些入侵害虫物种的成功至关重要。但是，由于缺乏变异性，使用部分线粒体COI可能很难检测到多种侵袭。为了检查澳大利亚的Bemisia argentifolii（也称为烟粉虱中东亚小种B型和B型生物）入侵后的历史并测试空间遗传结构的存在，我们根据的全基因组序列开发了微卫星基因座。B. argentifolii。我们调查了阿根廷双歧杆菌种群之间的基因流收集的时间为1995年至2018年，涵盖自澳大利亚首次发现（1994）以来的时间。微卫星数据的结构图和PCA揭示了1995-1996年的三个星团，表明有多次引入。从那时起，阿根廷双歧杆菌已成为整个大陆上广泛的单一遗传种群，最近的样本中没有地理遗传结构。由线粒体COI生成的单倍型网络显示，澳大利亚银芽孢杆菌大多数具有与世界其他地方建立的入侵种群相同的单倍型。对最新样本的分析表明，跨区域的基因流量很高，表明阿根廷双歧杆菌的运动目前，整个澳大利亚范围广泛。澳大利亚尚不存在的不良性状和病原体，包括杀虫剂抗性和植物病毒，可能会随新引入的阿根廷双歧杆菌而出现，并可能迅速传播且难以控制。这突出了生物安全和采取持续检疫措施以防止新入侵的重要性，即使已经建立了一个物种也是如此。