During glacial times, the North Atlantic region was affected by serious climate changes corresponding to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles that were linked to dramatic shifts in sea temperature and moisture transfer to the continents. However, considerable efforts are still needed to understand the effects of these shifts on terrestrial environments. In this context, the Iberian Peninsula is particularly interesting because of its close proximity to the North Atlantic, although the Iberian interior lacks paleoenvironmental information so far because suitable archives are rare. Here we provide an accurate impression of the last glacial environmental developments in central Iberia based on comprehensive investigations using the upper Tagus loess record. A multi-proxy approach revealed that phases of loess formation during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 (and upper MIS 3) were linked to utmost aridity, coldness, and highest wind strengths in line with the most intense Greenland stadials also including Heinrich Events 3–1. Lack of loess deposition during the global last glacial maximum (LGM) suggests milder conditions, which agrees with less-cold sea surface temperatures (SST) off the Iberian margin. Our results demonstrate that geomorphological system behavior in central Iberia is highly sensitive to North Atlantic SST fluctuations, thus enabling us to reconstruct a detailed hydrological model in relation to marine–atmospheric circulation patterns.

中文翻译：

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上一次冰期塔霍上层黄土层（伊比利亚中部）与伊比利亚边缘海洋大气之间密切关系的证据

在冰河时期，北大西洋地区受到与丹斯加德-厄施格循环相对应的严重气候变化的影响，这些变化与海水温度和水分向大陆转移的剧烈变化有关。然而，仍需要大量努力来了解这些变化对陆地环境的影响。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛特别有趣，因为它靠近北大西洋，尽管伊比利亚内部迄今为止缺乏古环境信息，因为合适的档案很少。在这里，我们基于使用上塔霍黄土记录的综合调查，提供了对伊比利亚中部最后一次冰川环境发展的准确印象。多代理方法显示，海洋同位素阶段 (MIS) 2（和 MIS 3 上部）期间的黄土形成阶段与极度干旱、寒冷和最高风力有关，这与格陵兰岛最强烈的运动场也包括海因里希事件 3 一致–1。全球末次盛冰期（LGM）期间缺乏黄土沉积表明条件较温和，这与伊比利亚边缘较冷的海面温度（SST）一致。我们的研究结果表明，伊比利亚中部的地貌系统行为对北大西洋 SST 波动高度敏感，从而使我们能够重建与海洋 - 大气环流模式相关的详细水文模型。和最高的风力强度符合最强烈的格陵兰体育场，还包括 Heinrich Events 3-1。全球末次盛冰期（LGM）期间缺乏黄土沉积表明条件较温和，这与伊比利亚边缘较冷的海面温度（SST）一致。我们的研究结果表明，伊比利亚中部的地貌系统行为对北大西洋 SST 波动高度敏感，从而使我们能够重建与海洋 - 大气环流模式相关的详细水文模型。和最高的风力强度符合最强烈的格陵兰体育场，还包括 Heinrich Events 3-1。全球末次盛冰期（LGM）期间缺乏黄土沉积表明条件较温和，这与伊比利亚边缘较冷的海面温度（SST）一致。我们的研究结果表明，伊比利亚中部的地貌系统行为对北大西洋 SST 波动高度敏感，从而使我们能够重建与海洋 - 大气环流模式相关的详细水文模型。