As basic data for seismic activity analysis, hypocenter catalogs need to be accurate, complete, homogeneous, and consistent. Therefore, clarifying systematic errors in catalogs is an important discipline of seismicity research. This review presents a systematic model-based methodology to reveal various biases and the results of the following analyses. (1) It is critical to examine whether there is a non-stationary systematic estimation bias in earthquake magnitudes in a hypocenter catalog. (2) Most earthquake catalogs covering long periods are not homogeneous in space, time, and magnitude ranges. Earthquake network structures and seismometers change over time, and therefore, earthquake detection rates change over time and space. Even in the short term, many aftershocks immediately following large earthquakes are often undetected, and the detection rate varies, depending on the elapsed time and location. By establishing a detection rate function, the actual seismic activity and the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of catalogs can be discriminated. (3) Near real-time correction of source locations, far from the seismic observation network, can be implemented based on better determined source location comparisons of other catalogs using the same identified earthquakes. The bias functions were estimated using an empirical Bayes method. I provide examples showing different conclusions about the changes in seismicity from different earthquake catalogs. Through these analyses, I also present actual examples of successful modifications as well as various misleading conclusions about changes in seismic activity. In particular, there is a human made magnitude shift problem included in the global catalog of large earthquakes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

作为地震活动分析的基本数据，震源目录必须准确，完整，统一且一致。因此，弄清目录中的系统错误是地震学研究的重要学科。这项审查提出了一种系统的基于模型的方法，以揭示各种偏差和以下分析的结果。（1）至关重要的是要检查震源目录中地震震级是否存在非平稳的系统估计偏差。（2）大多数涵盖长期的地震目录在空间，时间和震级范围上都不统一。地震网络的结构和地震仪会随时间变化，因此，地震检测率会随时间和空间而变化。即使在短期内，通常也不会发现大地震后立即发生的许多余震，检测率会根据经过的时间和位置而有所不同。通过建立探测率函数，可以区分目录的实际地震活动和时空异质性。（3）可以基于使用相同的已识别地震的其他目录的更好确定的源位置比较，对远离地震观测网络的源位置进行近实时校正。使用经验贝叶斯方法估计偏差函数。我提供的示例显示了来自不同地震目录的关于地震活动性变化的不同结论。通过这些分析，我还将介绍成功修改的实际示例以及有关地震活动变化的各种误导性结论。特别是，