The potential for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and supercapacitors (SCs) to overcome long-term (one day) and short-term (a few minutes) solar irradiance fluctuations with high-temporal-resolution (one s) on a photovoltaic-powered reverse osmosis membrane (PV-membrane) system was investigated. Experiments were conducted using synthetic brackish water (5-g/L sodium chloride) with varied battery capacities (100, 70, 50, 40, 30 and 20 Ah) to evaluate the effect of decreasing the energy storage capacities. A comparison was made between SCs and batteries to determine system performance on a “partly cloudyday”. With fully charged batteries, clean drinking water was produced at an average specific energy consumption (SEC) of 4 kWh/m³. The daily water production improved from 663 L to 767 L (16% increase) and average electrical conductivity decreased from 310 µS/cm to 274 μS/cm (12% improvement), compared to the battery-less system. Enhanced water production occurred when the initial battery capacity was >50 Ah. On a “sunny” and “very cloudy” day with fully charged batteries, water production increased by 15% and 80%, while water quality improved by 18% and 21%, respectively. The SCs enabled a 9% increase in water production and 13% improvement in the average SEC on the “partly cloudy day” when compared to the reference system performance (without SCs).

中文翻译：

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可再生能源动力膜技术：光伏动力咸水淡化系统的电能存储选项

锂离子（Li-ion）电池和超级电容器（SC）可以克服长期（一天）和短期（几分钟）太阳辐射辐照波动的问题，并且具有较高的时间分辨率（一秒）。研究了光伏反渗透膜（PV-membrane）系统。使用具有不同电池容量（100、70、50、40、30和20 Ah）的合成咸水（5 g / L氯化钠）进行实验，以评估降低储能容量的效果。在SC和电池之间进行了比较，以确定“部分阴天”的系统性能。使用充满电的电池，可以以4 kWh / m ³的平均比能耗（SEC）产生干净的饮用水。与无电池系统相比，日产水量从663 L提高到767 L（增长16％），平均电导率从310 µS / cm降低到274μS/ cm（提高12％）。当初始电池容量> 50 Ah时，水的产量会增加。在充满电的“晴天”和“非常阴天”，水的产量分别增加了15％和80％，而水质分别提高了18％和21％。与参考系统性能相比（没有SC），SC在“部分多云的日子”使水产量增加了9％，平均SEC改善了13％。