Human development has become particularly complex during the evolution. In this complexity, adolescence is an extremely important developmental stage. Adolescence is characterized by biological and social changes that create the prerequisites to psychopathological problems, including both substance and non-substance addictive behaviors. Central to the dynamics of the biological changes during adolescence are the synergy between sexual and neurophysiological development, which activates the motivational/emotional systems of Dominance/Submission. The latter are characterized by the interaction between the sexual hormones, the dopaminergic system and the stress axis (HPA). The maturation of these motivational/emotional systems requires the integration with the phylogenetically more recent Attachment/CARE Systems, which primarily have governed the subject’s relationships until puberty. The integration of these systems is particularly complex in the human species, due to the evolution of the process of competition related to sexual selection: from a simple fight between two individuals (of the same genus and species) to a struggle for the acquisition of a position in rank and the competition between groups. The latter is an important evolutionary acquisition and believed to be the variable that has most contributed to enhancing the capacity for cooperation in the human species. The interaction between competition and cooperation, and between competition and attachment, characterizes the entire human relational and emotional structure and the unending work of integration to which the BrainMind is involved. The beginning of the integration of the aforementioned motivational/emotional systems is currently identified in the prepubertal period, during the juvenile stage, with the development of the Adrenarche—the so-called Adrenal Puberty. This latter stage is characterized by a low rate of release of androgens, the hormones released by the adrenal cortex, which activate the same behaviors as those observed in the PLAY system. The Adrenarche and the PLAY system are biological and functional prerequisites of adolescence, a period devoted to learning the difficult task of integrating the phylogenetically ancient Dominance/Submission Systems with the newer Attachment/CARE Systems. These systems accompany very different adaptive goals which can easily give rise to mutual conflict and can in turn make the balance of the BrainMind precarious and vulnerable to mental suffering.

中文翻译：

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成瘾中的大脑情感系统：从依恋到支配/服从系统

人类的发展在进化过程中变得尤为复杂。在这种复杂性中，青春期是极其重要的发展阶段。青春期的特点是生物和社会变化，这些变化为精神病理问题（包括物质和非物质成瘾行为）创造了先决条件。青春期生物变化动态的核心是性和神经生理发展之间的协同作用，它激活了支配/服从的动机/情感系统。后者的特点是性激素、多巴胺能系统和应激轴（HPA）之间的相互作用。这些动机/情感系统的成熟需要与系统发育上较新的依恋/关怀系统整合，这些系统主要控制着受试者的关系，直到青春期。由于与性选择相关的竞争过程的演变，这些系统的整合在人类物种中尤其复杂：从两个个体（同一属和物种）之间的简单斗争到为获得性选择而进行的斗争。排名和小组之间的竞争。后者是一项重要的进化获得，被认为是对增强人类合作能力最有贡献的变量。竞争与合作、竞争与依恋之间的相互作用，是整个人类关系和情感结构的特征，也是大脑思维所参与的永无休止的整合工作的特征。目前，上述动机/情感系统的整合开始于青春期前的青少年阶段，伴随着肾上腺初现（即所谓的肾上腺青春期）的发展。后一阶段的特点是雄激素释放率低，雄激素是肾上腺皮质释放的激素，它激活与 PLAY 系统中观察到的相同的行为。肾上腺初现和游戏系统是青春期的生物学和功能先决条件，青春期致力于学习将系统发育上古老的支配/服从系统与较新的依恋/关怀系统整合的艰巨任务。这些系统伴随着截然不同的适应性目标，很容易引起相互冲突，进而使大脑的平衡变得不稳定并容易遭受精神痛苦。