We suggest a modified Ti-based electrode for reverse electrodialysis to increase power density and retain long-term durability. Specifically, a mesh-type Ti electrode and electrochemically fabricated Pt/Ti electrode are employed in the reverse electrodialysis single cell. The electrode systems are compared in terms of power output, resistance, specific capacitance, and redox-couple reaction kinetics near the electrode surface. Among the electrodes, Pt/Ti mesh-embedded cell exhibits the highest j max (−16.13 A m −2 ) and P max (−0.702 W m −2 ). The improvement in performance is ascribed to the reduced resistance associated with heterogeneous charge transfer and to the enlarged electrochemical surface area, verified by impedance analysis, and by monitoring the capacitive behavior of the electrodes, respectively. The highest exchange current density of Pt/Ti mesh electrode is attributed to facile electron transfer and reduced power loss in the electrode compartment. Furthermore, the Pt/Ti mesh electrode allows stable operation of reverse electrodialysis for an extended time. Finally, we demonstrate the power generation of a reverse electrodialysis stack built up with multiple pairs of ion exchange membranes for potential commercial application.

中文翻译：

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电极结构和成分改性对反电渗析发电影响的电化学分析

我们建议使用改良的钛基电极进行反向电渗析，以提高功率密度并保持长期耐用性。具体而言，在反向电渗析单电池中采用网状 Ti 电极和电化学制造的 Pt​​/Ti 电极。电极系统在功率输出、电阻、比电容和电极表面附近的氧化还原对反应动力学方面进行了比较。在电极中，Pt/Ti 网状嵌入电池表现出最高的 j max (-16.13 A m -2 ) 和 P max (-0.702 W m -2 )。性能的提高归因于与异质电荷转移相关的电阻降低和电化学表面积的扩大，分别通过阻抗分析和监测电极的电容行为来验证。Pt/Ti 网状电极的最高交换电流密度归因于容易的电子转移和电极室中减少的功率损失。此外，Pt/Ti 网状电极允许反向电渗析长时间稳定运行。最后，我们展示了由多对离子交换膜构成的反向电渗析堆栈的发电，用于潜在的商业应用。