Isoprenoids, often called terpenoids, are the most abundant and highly diverse family of natural organic compounds. In plants, they play a distinct role in the form of photosynthetic pigments, hormones, electron carrier, structural components of membrane, and defence. Many isoprenoids have useful applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and chemical industries. They are synthesized by various isoprenoid synthase enzymes by several consecutive steps. Recent advancement in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology has enabled the production of these isoprenoids in the heterologous host systems like Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both heterologous systems have been engineered for large-scale production of value-added isoprenoids. This review article will provide the detailed description of various approaches used for engineering of methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) and mevalonate (MVA) pathway for synthesizing isoprene units (C₅) and ultimate production of diverse isoprenoids. The review particularly highlighted the efforts taken for the production of C₅–C₂₀ isoprenoids by metabolic engineering techniques in E. coli and S. cerevisiae over a decade. The challenges and strategies are also discussed in detail for scale-up and engineering of isoprenoids in the heterologous host systems.

Key points

• Isoprenoids are beneficial and valuable natural products.

• E. coli and S. cerevisiae are the promising host for isoprenoid biosynthesis.

• Emerging techniques in synthetic biology enabled the improved production.

• Need to expand the catalogue and scale-up of un-engineered isoprenoids.

Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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在大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母中生产类异戊二烯的代谢工程和合成生物学

类异戊二烯（通常称为萜类）是天然有机化合物中含量最多且种类最多的一族。在植物中，它们以光合作用色素，激素，电子载体，膜的结构成分和防御的形式发挥独特的作用。许多类异戊二烯在制药，营养保健品和化学工业中都有有用的应用。它们是通过各种类异戊二烯合酶通过几个连续步骤合成的。代谢工程和合成生物学的最新进展已使异种宿主系统（如大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母）能够生产这些类异戊二烯。两种异源系统均已设计用于大规模生产增值类异戊二烯。这篇综述将提供的用于甲基的工程的各种方法的详细描述d -赤-4-磷酸（MEP）和甲羟戊酸（MVA）途径用于合成异戊二烯单元（C ₅）和最终的生产类异戊二烯多样的。审查特别强调了通过代谢工程技术在大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母中生产C _{5 –} C ₂₀类异戊二烯所付出的努力，十年来。还针对异源宿主系统中类异戊二烯的放大和工程化详细讨论了挑战和策略。

关键点

•类异戊二烯是有益和有价值的天然产物。

•大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母是类异戊二烯生物合成的有希望的宿主。

•合成生物学中的新兴技术提高了产量。

•需要扩大非工程类异戊二烯的目录并扩大规模。

图形概要