In this work, the novel utilisation of customised double- and triple-tail sodium bis (3,5,5-trimethyl-1-hexyl) sulphosuccinate (AOT4) and sodium 1,4- bis (neopentyloxy)-3-(neopentyloxycarbonyl)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-silphonate (TC14) surfactants to assist the direct graphene oxide (GO) synthesis via electrochemical exfoliation utilising dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as a solvent were investigated. The synthesised DMAc-based GO and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles were then used to fabricate polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based nanofiltration (NF) membranes by the non-solvent-induced phase separation method. The incorporation of GO and TiO 2 as hydrophilic nanoparticles were to enhance membrane hydrophilicity. The utilisation of higher surfactants’ tail number obviously alters the fabricated membrane’s morphology which further affects its performance for dye rejection and antifouling ability. Higher surfactants’ tail number resulted in higher oxidation process which then provided more interaction between the GO and PVDF. Based on the dead-end cell measurement, PVDF/TC14-GO/TiO 2 presented a slightly higher dye rejection efficiency of 92.61% as compared to PVDF/AOT4-GO/TiO 2 membrane (92.39%). However, PVDF/TC14-GO/TiO 2 possessed three times higher water permeability (48.968 L/m 2 h MPa) than PVDF/AOT4-GO/TiO 2 (16.533 L/m 2 h MPa) and also higher hydrophilicity as presented by lower contact angle (65.4 ± 0.17°). This confirmed that higher surfactants’ tail number improved the fabricated membrane’s performance. Both fabricated membranes also exhibited high flux recovery ratio (FRR) ( $$>$$ > 100%) which indicated better antifouling properties. Graphic abstract High dye rejection by using simpler electrochemical exfoliation utilising surfactant for GO synthesis. Improved water permeability by utilising triple-tail-based GO. Enhanced hydrophilicity by utilising triple-tail-based GO. Higher membrane porosity by utilising triple-tail-based GO. High antifouling performance by different surfactants’ tail number.

中文翻译：

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表面活性剂尾数对 PVDF/GO/TiO2 基纳滤膜拒染和防污性能改善的影响

在这项工作中，定制的双尾和三尾双（3,5,5-三甲基-1-己基）磺基琥珀酸钠（AOT4）和1,4-双（新戊氧基）-3-（新戊氧基羰基）钠的新用途研究了 -1,4-二氧丁烷-2-硅酸盐 (TC14) 表面活性剂通过使用二甲基乙酰胺 (DMAc) 作为溶剂的电化学剥离来辅助直接氧化石墨烯 (GO) 合成。然后将合成的基于 DMAc 的 GO 和二氧化钛 (TiO 2 ) 纳米粒子通过非溶剂诱导相分离方法制备基于聚偏二氟乙烯 (PVDF) 的纳滤 (NF) 膜。GO和TiO 2 作为亲水性纳米颗粒的掺入是为了增强膜的亲水性。使用尾数较高的表面活性剂明显改变了制成的膜的形态，这进一步影响了其染料排斥和防污能力的性能。较高的表面活性剂尾数导致较高的氧化过程，从而在 GO 和 PVDF 之间提供更多的相互作用。基于死端电池测量，与PVDF/AOT4-GO/TiO 2 膜（92.39%）相比，PVDF/TC14-GO/TiO 2 呈现略高的染料截留率92.61%。然而，PVDF/TC14-GO/TiO 2 的透水性 (48.968 L/m 2 h MPa) 是 PVDF/AOT4-GO/TiO 2 (16.533 L/m 2 h MPa) 的三倍，亲水性也更高较低的接触角 (65.4 ± 0.17°)。这证实了更高的表面活性剂的尾数提高了制造的膜的性能。两种制造的膜还表现出高通量回收率（FRR）（$$>$$> 100%），这表明具有更好的防污性能。图形摘要 通过使用表面活性剂进行 GO 合成的更简单的电化学剥离，实现高染料排斥。通过利用基于三尾的 GO 提高透水性。通过利用基于三尾的 GO 增强亲水性。利用基于三尾的 GO 提高膜孔隙率。不同表面活性剂尾数的高防污性能。利用基于三尾的 GO 提高膜孔隙率。不同表面活性剂尾数的高防污性能。利用基于三尾的 GO 提高膜孔隙率。不同表面活性剂尾数的高防污性能。