We retrospect three abstract models for heat engines which include a classic abstract model in textbook of thermal physics, a primary abstract model for finite-time heat engines, and a refined abstract model for finite-time heat engines. The detailed models of heat engines in literature of finite-time thermodynamics may be mapped into the refined abstract model. The future developments based on the refined abstract model are also surveyed.

中文翻译：

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热力发动机的抽象模型

我们回顾了三个热机抽象模型，其中包括热物理学教科书中的经典抽象模型，有限时间热机的主要抽象模型和有限时间热机的精炼抽象模型。有限时间热力学文献中热机的详细模型可以映射到精炼的抽象模型中。还对基于改进的抽象模型的未来发展进行了调查。