Abstract Building on the theoretical insights into the socio-cognitive approach to the study of interactions in which English is used as a lingua franca (ELF)), this paper reports on the idiosyncratic phenomenon that ELF speakers do not adhere to the norms of native speakers, but instead create their own particular word associations during the course of the interaction. Taking the verbs of speech talk, say, speak, and tell as examples, this study compares word associations from three corpora of native and non-native speakers. The findings of this study reveal that similar word associative patterns are produced and shared by ELF speech communities from different sociocultural backgrounds, and these differ substantially from those used by native English speakers. Idiom-like constructions such as say like, how to say, and speak in are developed and utilized by Asian and European ELF speakers. Based on these findings, this paper concludes that ELF speakers use the prefabricated expressions in the target language system only as references, and try to develop their own word associative patterns in ELF interactions. Moreover, the analysis of the non-literalness/metaphorical word associations of the verbs of speech in the Asian ELF corpus suggests that ELF speakers dynamically co-construct their shared common ground to derive non-literal/metaphorical meaning in actual situational context.

中文翻译：

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英语中言语动词的词义联想作为林瓜·弗朗卡互动的认知显着性

摘要本文基于对以英语为通用语言（ELF）的相互作用进行研究的社会认知方法的理论见解，本文报道了ELF说话者不遵守母语使用者规范的现象，而是在互动过程中创建自己的特定单词联想。以语音说话，说，说和说的动词为例，本研究比较了来自三种母语和非母语者的单词联想。这项研究的发现表明，来自不同社会文化背景的ELF语音社区产生并共享了相似的单词联想模式，这些模式与以英语为母语的人存在很大差异。像成语的结构，例如说赞，怎么说，和发言由亚洲和欧洲ELF讲者开发和利用。基于这些发现，本文得出结论，ELF说话者仅将目标语言系统中的预制表达用作参考，并尝试在ELF交互中发展自己的单词联想模式。此外，对亚洲ELF语料库中的言语动词的非文字/隐喻词联想的分析表明，ELF说话者动态地共同构建了他们的共同基础，以在实际情况中得出非文字/隐喻的含义。