The classic Pareto criterion claims that all voluntary trades, even on the grounds of heterogeneous beliefs, should be encouraged. I argue that a trade without hope for Pareto improvement remains controversial. I introduce and characterize a notion of belief-consistent Pareto dominance to formalize this argument, which, in addition to unanimity of preferences, requires all rankings in a trade to be supported by some common beliefs that must coincide with the agents’ beliefs about the events on which all agents agree.

中文翻译：

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信念一致的帕累托优势

经典的帕累托标准声称，即使基于异类信仰，也应鼓励所有自愿交易。我认为，没有希望改善帕累托的贸易仍存在争议。我引入并描述了信念一致的帕累托优势的概念，以使这一论证正式化。除了偏好的一致外，该观点还要求交易中的所有排名都必须有一些共同的信念来支持，这些信念必须与代理商对事件的信念相吻合。所有代理商都同意这一点。