Newly created academic programs at Brazilian universities have provided the impetus for new archaeological projects in southeastern South America during the last two decades. The new data are changing our views on emergent social complexity, natural and human-induced transformation of the landscape, and transcontinental expansions and cultural interactions across the Río de la Plata basin during the Middle and Late Holocene. We concentrate on six major archaeological traditions/regions: the Sambaquis, the Pantanal, the Constructores de Cerritos, the Tupiguarani, the Southern Proto-Jê, and the middle and lower Paraná River. Diverse and autonomous complex developments exhibit distinct built landscapes in a region previously thought of as marginal compared with cultural developments in the Andes or Mesoamerica. The trajectories toward increased sociopolitical complexity flourished in very different and changing environmental conditions. While some groups were pushed to wetland areas during a drier mid-Holocene, others took advantage of the more humid Late Holocene climate to intensively manage Araucaria forests. The start of the second millennium AD was a critical period marked by an increased number of archaeological sites, the construction of ceremonial architecture, and the intensification of landscape transformation; it also was marked by the rapid expansion of influences from outside the La Plata basin. The Amazonian Tupiguarani and Arawak newcomers brought with them significant changes in technologies and social and political structures, as well as novel landscape management practices.

中文翻译：

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全新世中期和后期，南美洲东南部的紧急情况复杂性，景观变化和相互作用范围

在过去的二十年中，巴西大学新创建的学术课程为南美洲东南部的新考古项目提供了动力。新数据正在改变我们对新兴中晚期和晚期拉普拉塔河流域各地出现的社会复杂性，自然和人为引起的景观转变以及跨大陆扩张和文化互动的看法。我们专注于六个主要考古传统/地区：Sambaquis，潘塔纳尔（Pantanal），Cerritos de Cerritos，图皮瓜拉尼（Tupiguarani），南部Proto-Jê和中下巴拉那河。与安第斯山脉或中美洲的文化发展相比，多样化和自主的复杂发展在先前被认为是边缘化的地区展现出独特的建筑景观。在极为不同和不断变化的环境条件下，社会政治复杂性的发展轨迹蓬勃发展。虽然有些群体在全新世中期较干燥期间被推到湿地地区，但另一些群体则利用较湿润的晚全新世气候进行集约化管理。南洋杉森林。公元第二个千年的开始是一个关键时期，其标志是考古遗址数量增加，礼仪建筑的建造以及景观改造的加剧。拉普拉塔盆地外部影响的迅速扩大也标志着这一点。亚马逊的图皮瓜拉尼和阿拉瓦克的新移民带来了技术，社会和政治结构以及新颖的景观管理实践的重大变化。