Abstract The reliability of temperature measurements in open and closed geothermal systems is closely related to their design, quality control and performance evaluation. Thus, wireless and miniaturized probes, which provide highly resolved temperature profiles in borehole heat exchangers (BHEs), experience a growing interest in research. To ensure quality assurance and reliability of these emerging technologies, errors and uncertainties relating to wireless temperature measurements (WTMs) must be determined. Thus, we provide a laboratory analysis of random, systematic and dynamic measurement errors, which lead to the measurement uncertainties of WTMs. For the first time, we subsequently transfer the calculated uncertainties to temperature profiles of the undisturbed ground measured at a BHE site in Karlsruhe, Germany. The resulting precision of 0.011 K and accuracy of -0.11 K ensure a high reliability of the WTMs. The largest uncertainty is obtained within the first five meters of descent and results from the thermal time constant of 4 s. The fast and convenient measurement procedure results in substantial advantages over Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) measurements using fiber optics, whose recorded temperature profiles at the site serve as qualitative comparison. We additionally provide recommendations for technical implementations of future measurement probes. Our work will contribute to an improved understanding and further development of WTMs.

中文翻译：

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埋管换热器无线测温（WTM）不确定度分析

摘要 开放式和封闭式地热系统温度测量的可靠性与其设计、质量控制和性能评价密切相关。因此，在钻孔换热器 (BHE) 中提供高分辨率温度分布的无线和小型化探头在研究中越来越受到关注。为了确保这些新兴技术的质量保证和可靠性，必须确定与无线温度测量 (WTM) 相关的错误和不确定性。因此，我们提供了随机、系统和动态测量误差的实验室分析，这些误差会导致 WTM 的测量不确定性。随后，我们第一次将计算的不确定性转移到在德国卡尔斯鲁厄 BHE 站点测量的未受干扰地面的温度剖面。结果精度为 0。011 K 和 -0.11 K 的精度确保 WTM 的高可靠性。最大的不确定性是在下降的前五米内获得的，并且是 4 秒的热时间常数的结果。与使用光纤的分布式温度传感 (DTS) 测量相比，快速便捷的测量程序具有显着优势，其在现场记录的温度分布可用作定性比较。我们还为未来测量探头的技术实施提供建议。我们的工作将有助于提高对 WTM 的理解和进一步发展。与使用光纤的分布式温度传感 (DTS) 测量相比，快速便捷的测量程序具有显着优势，其在现场记录的温度分布可用作定性比较。我们还为未来测量探头的技术实施提供建议。我们的工作将有助于提高对 WTM 的理解和进一步发展。与使用光纤的分布式温度传感 (DTS) 测量相比，快速便捷的测量程序具有显着优势，其在现场记录的温度分布可用作定性比较。我们还为未来测量探头的技术实施提供建议。我们的工作将有助于提高对 WTM 的理解和进一步发展。