In the last decade, approaches based on T cells and their immunomodulatory receptors have emerged as a solid improvement in treatments for various types of cancer. However, the roles of these molecules in the therapeutic context of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases are still relatively unexplored. Here, we review the best known and most commonly used immunomodulatory T cell receptors in clinical practice (PD-1 and CTLA-4), along with the rest of the receptors with known functions in animal models, which have great potential as modulators in human pathologies in the medium term. Among these other receptors is the receptor CD69, which has recently been described to be expressed in mouse and human T cells in autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, inhibition of these receptors individually or in combination by drugs or monoclonal antibodies generates a loss of immunological tolerance and can trigger multiple autoimmune disorders in different organs and immune-related adverse effects. In the coming decades, knowledge on the functions of different immunomodulatory receptors will be pivotal for the development of new and better therapies with less harmful side effects. In this review, we discuss the roles of these receptors in the control of immunity from a perspective focused on therapeutic potential in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, and myocarditis.

在过去十年中，基于 T 细胞及其免疫调节受体的方法已成为各种癌症治疗方法的坚实改进。然而，这些分子在自身免疫和心血管疾病治疗方面的作用仍然相对未知。在这里，我们回顾了临床实践中最著名和最常用的免疫调节性 T 细胞受体（PD-1 和 CTLA-4），以及在动物模型中具有已知功能的其他受体，它们在人体中具有作为调节剂的巨大潜力中期病理。在这些其他受体中，CD69 受体最近被描述为在自身免疫和心血管疾病以及癌症的小鼠和人类 T 细胞中表达。然而，单独或通过药物或单克隆抗体联合抑制这些受体会导致免疫耐受性丧失，并可能引发不同器官的多种自身免疫性疾病和免疫相关的不良反应。在接下来的几十年里，对不同免疫调节受体功能的了解对于开发新的、更好的、副作用更小的疗法至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们从关注癌症以及自身免疫性疾病（如系统性红斑狼疮、自身免疫性糖尿病和类风湿性关节炎）和心血管疾病（如动脉粥样硬化、急性心肌梗死和心肌炎。