This special issue contains 10 invited review papers that highlighted and extended the presentations at the NIDA-sponsored workshop “Unraveling NeuroAIDS in the Presence of Substance Use Disorders” at the 25th Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology conference in 2019. The topics covered by these papers focused on the interactive, additive or synergistic effects of substance use disorders (SUD) with HIV infection on the immune system and on neuropathogenesis. These papers reviewed four categories of substances of abuse (opioids, tobacco, stimulants, and cannabis) and how comorbid HIV infection (including models with HIV proteins, HIV transgenic rodent models and SIV) might further impact the dysregulated dopaminergic and immune systems, and the subsequent neuropathogenesis and behavioral disorders known as HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND). These reviews provided detailed background knowledge regarding how each of these addictive substances and HIV individually or collectively affected the immune system at the cellular, molecular and system levels, and the subsequent clinical and behavioral outcomes. The authors also identified gaps, confounds or constraints in the current disease models and approaches, and proposed future research directions.

本期特刊包含 10 篇特邀评论论文，重点介绍并扩展了 2019 年第 25 届神经免疫药理学学会会议上由 NIDA 赞助的研讨会“解开物质使用障碍中的神经艾滋病”的演讲。这些论文涵盖的主题集中于物质使用障碍 (SUD) 与 HIV 感染对免疫系统和神经发病机制的相互作用、相加或协同作用。这些论文回顾了四类滥用物质（阿片类药物、烟草、兴奋剂和大麻），以及共病 HIV 感染（包括 HIV 蛋白模型、HIV 转基因啮齿动物模型和 SIV）如何进一步影响失调的多巴胺能和免疫系统，以及随后的神经发病机制和行为障碍称为 HIV 相关神经障碍 (HAND)。这些评论提供了关于这些成瘾物质和艾滋病毒如何单独或共同影响细胞、分子和系统水平的免疫系统以及随后的临床和行为结果的详细背景知识。作者还确定了当前疾病模型和方法中的差距、混淆或限制，并提出了未来的研究方向。