I will entertain and reject three arguments which putatively establish that the individuals produced through de-extinction ought to be the same species as the extinct population. Forms of these arguments have appeared previously in restoration ecology. The first is the weakest, the conceptual argument, that de-extinction will not be de-extinction if it does not re-create an extinct species. This is misguided as de-extinction technology is not unified by its aim to re-create extinct species but in its use of the remnants of extinct populations as a resource. The second is the argument from authenticity; the populations produced by de-extinction technologies will be inauthentic if they are not of the extinct species and, therefore, will not be valuable. I argue authenticity is not required in conservation as the value of authenticity varies between people and cultures, and the novelty of de-extinct species will be equally desirable in many cases. The third argument is from retributive justice; we need the de-extinct population to have the same species identity as we owe a moral debt to the extinct population. I find the case for retributive justice unconvincing and argue that acting as if we have a duty to resurrect extinct species will result in a world with less species. Ultimately all the arguments that connect de-extinction technology to species identity fail, leaving us to consider a more complex calculus for the justification of de-extinction in conservation.

中文翻译：

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为什么要唤醒死者？身份和灭绝

我将接受并拒绝三个论点，这些论点假定通过去灭绝产生的个体应该与灭绝的种群是同一物种。这些论点的形式以前曾出现在恢复生态学中。第一个是最弱的概念论点，即如果不重新创造已灭绝的物种，则去灭绝就不会是去灭绝。这是一种误导，因为去灭绝技术的目标不是重新创造灭绝物种，而是将灭绝种群的残余物用作资源。二是真实性论证；由去灭绝技术产生的种群如果不是已经灭绝的物种，那么它们将是不真实的，因此将没有价值。我认为保护中不需要真实性，因为真实性的价值因人和文化而异，而且在许多情况下，灭绝物种的新颖性同样值得期待。第三个论据来自报应性正义；我们需要灭绝种群具有相同的物种身份，因为我们对灭绝种群负有道德债务。我认为报复性正义的理由令人信服，并认为如果我们有责任复活已灭绝的物种，就会导致世界物种减少。最终，所有将去灭绝技术与物种身份联系起来的论点都失败了，这让我们不得不考虑一个更复杂的计算来证明去灭绝的正当性。第三个论据来自报应性正义；我们需要灭绝种群具有相同的物种身份，因为我们对灭绝种群负有道德债务。我认为报复性正义的理由令人信服，并认为如果我们有责任复活已灭绝的物种，就会导致世界物种减少。最终，所有将去灭绝技术与物种身份联系起来的论点都失败了，这让我们不得不考虑一个更复杂的计算来证明去灭绝的正当性。第三个论据来自报应性正义；我们需要灭绝种群具有相同的物种身份，因为我们对灭绝种群负有道德债务。我认为报复性正义的理由令人信服，并认为如果我们有责任复活已灭绝的物种，就会导致世界物种减少。最终，所有将去灭绝技术与物种身份联系起来的论点都失败了，这让我们不得不考虑一个更复杂的计算来证明去灭绝的正当性。