Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain homeostasis are involved in the activation of microglia. This activation depends on the context, type of the stressor, or pathology. Due to the release of a plethora of substances such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, microglia able to influence the pathologic outcome. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) condition, the deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) result in provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. New investigations reveal that cellular therapy with stem cells might have therapeutic effects in preventing the pathogenesis of AD. Although many strategies have focused on the use of stem cells to regenerate damaged neurons, new researches have demonstrated the immune-regulatory feature of stem cells which can modulate the activity state of microglia as well as mediates neuroinflammation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the brain homeostasis by the protective features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could lead to remedial treatment for AD.

小胶质细胞作为大脑的常驻细胞可以调节神经元网络的神经发育和维持。任何类型的病理事件或脑内稳态的变化都与小胶质细胞的激活有关。这种激活取决于环境、压力源的类型或病理。由于释放大量物质，如趋化因子、细胞因子和生长因子，小胶质细胞能够影响病理结果。在阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 条件下，β-淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ) 的沉积导致小胶质细胞的表型活化及其促炎分子的形成。新的研究表明，干细胞的细胞疗法可能在预防 AD 发病机制方面具有治疗作用。尽管许多策略都集中在使用干细胞来再生受损的神经元，新的研究表明干细胞的免疫调节特性可以调节小胶质细胞的活动状态以及介导神经炎症。因此，通过间充质干细胞 (MSCs) 的保护特性了解脑内稳态所涉及的分子机制可能会导致 AD 的补救治疗。