Combinatorial application of different dye removal methods with specific features can lead to a novel and robust decolorizing system. In this study the bacterial spore laccase and TiO2 nanoparticles were co-entrapped to enhance dye degradation. The optimum entrapment conditions were achieved in the presence of alginate 2% (w/v) and Ca2+ (0.2M), Cu2+ (0.05M) and Zn2+ (0.25M) as matric polymer and counterions, respectively. Immobilized laccase showed a wide range of pH and temperature stability in comparison to the free spores. The entrapped degradation systems include single laccase, single TiO2, laccase + TiO2 (one-step remediation), TiO2/laccase (two-step remediation), and laccase/TiO2 (two-step remediation) that result to the 22%, 26% 45.6%, 47.6%, and 69.3% indigo carmine decolorization in 60 min. In the kinetic studies, the half-life of indigo carmine (25 mg/l) in the remediation processes containing laccase, TiO2, laccase + TiO2, TiO2/laccase, and laccase/TiO2 was calculated as 173, 138, 161, 115, and 57 min, respectively. The degradation products by co-entrapped system were not toxic against Sorghum vulgare. The results showed two-step decolorization by co-entrapped spore laccase and TiO2 nanoparticles, including the pretreatment of dye by laccase, and then, treatment by TiO2 has potential for degradation of indigo carmine.

中文翻译：

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藻酸盐珠中的共固定孢子漆酶/TiO2 纳米颗粒通过两步脱色增强了染料的去除。

具有特定特征的不同染料去除方法的组合应用可以产生新颖且强大的脱色系统。在这项研究中，细菌孢子漆酶和 TiO2 纳米颗粒被共同包埋以增强染料降解。在藻酸盐 2% (w/v) 和 Ca2+ (0.2M)、Cu2+ (0.05M) 和 Zn2+ (0.25M) 分别作为基质聚合物和抗衡离子的情况下实现了最佳包封条件。与游离孢子相比，固定化漆酶显示出宽范围的 pH 和温度稳定性。包埋的降解系统包括单漆酶、单 TiO2、漆酶 + TiO2（一步修复）、TiO2/漆酶（两步修复）和漆酶/TiO2（两步修复），导致 22%、26% 45.6%、47.6%和69.3%的靛蓝胭脂红在60分钟内脱色。在动力学研究中，在含漆酶、二氧化钛、漆酶+二氧化钛、二氧化钛/漆酶和漆酶/二氧化钛的修复过程中靛蓝胭脂红 (25 mg/l) 的半衰期分别计算为 173、138、161、115 和 57 分钟. 共包埋系统降解产物对高粱无毒。结果表明，孢子漆酶和二氧化钛纳米粒子共包埋的两步脱色，包括用漆酶预处理染料，然后用二氧化钛处理有降解靛蓝胭脂红的潜力。