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Kanchan arsenic filters in the lowlands of Nepal: mode of operation, arsenic removal, and future improvements.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-24 , DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00718-9
Barbara Mueller 1 , Bipin Dangol 2 , Tommy K K Ngai 3 , Stephan J Hug 4
Affiliation  

In the lowlands of Nepal (Terai), the WHO drinking water guideline concentration of 10 μg/L for arsenic (As) is frequently exceeded. Since their introduction in 2006, iron-assisted bio-sand filters (Kanchan filters) are widely used to treat well water in Nepal. The filters are constructed on the basis of As-removal with corroding zero-valent iron (ZVI), with water flowing through a filter bed of iron nails placed above a sand filter. According to several studies, the performance of Kanchan filters varies greatly and depends on the size of the iron nails, filter design, water composition, and operating conditions, leading to concerns about their actual efficiency. This study examined 38 Kanchan household filters for which insufficient As-removal was reported, to evaluate the reasons for limited removal efficiency and to define measures for improved performance. The measured arsenic removal ranged from 6.3% to 98.5%. The most relevant factors were the concentrations of As and Fe in the raw water, with the best removal efficiency observed for water with low As (123 µg/L) and high Fe (5.0 mg/L). Although the concentrations of other elements, pH, flow rates, and contact time with ZVI also played a role, the combined evidence indicated that the reactivity of the frequently drying nail beds between filtrations was insufficient for efficient As-removal. Optimized filters with added top layers of sand and raised water outlets with flow restrictions to keep nails permanently immersed and to increase contact times, should be able to achieve higher and more consistent arsenic removal efficiencies.

中文翻译:

尼泊尔低地的Kanchan砷滤池:操作模式,除砷和未来改进。

在尼泊尔的低地(Terai),砷(As)的饮用水准则浓度经常超过10μg/ L。自2006年推出以来,铁辅助生物砂滤池(Kanchan滤池)在尼泊尔被广泛用于处理井水。过滤器的构造基于去除砷并腐蚀零价铁(ZVI),水流过置于砂滤器上方的铁钉过滤床。根据几项研究,Kanchan过滤器的性能差异很大,并且取决于铁钉的尺寸,过滤器设计,水的成分和工作条件,从而导致人们对它们的实际效率有所担忧。这项研究检查了38个Kanchan家用过滤器,据报道,这些过滤器的除砷能力不足,评估去除效率有限的原因,并确定改善性能的措施。测得的砷去除率为6.3%至98.5%。最相关的因素是原水中的砷和铁的浓度,对于低砷(123 µg / L)和高铁(5.0 mg / L)的水,去除效率最高。尽管其他元素的浓度,pH,流速和与ZVI的接触时间也起作用,但综合证据表明,频繁干燥的指甲床在两次过滤之间的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。测得的砷去除率为6.3%至98.5%。最相关的因素是原水中的砷和铁的浓度,对于低砷(123 µg / L)和高铁(5.0 mg / L)的水,去除效率最高。尽管其他元素的浓度,pH,流速和与ZVI的接触时间也起作用,但综合证据表明,频繁干燥的指甲床在两次过滤之间的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。测得的砷去除率为6.3%至98.5%。最相关的因素是原水中的砷和铁的浓度,对于低砷(123 µg / L)和高铁(5.0 mg / L)的水,去除效率最高。尽管其他元素的浓度,pH,流速和与ZVI的接触时间也起作用,但综合证据表明,频繁干燥的指甲床在两次过滤之间的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。最相关的因素是原水中的砷和铁的浓度,对于低砷(123 µg / L)和高铁(5.0 mg / L)的水,去除效率最高。尽管其他元素的浓度,pH,流速和与ZVI的接触时间也起作用,但综合证据表明,频繁干燥的指甲床在两次过滤之间的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。最相关的因素是原水中的砷和铁的浓度,对于低砷(123 µg / L)和高铁(5.0 mg / L)的水,去除效率最高。尽管其他元素的浓度,pH,流速和与ZVI的接触时间也起一定作用,但综合证据表明,过滤之间经常干燥的指甲床的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。并且与ZVI的接触时间也起一定作用,综合证据表明,过滤之间频繁干燥的指甲床的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。而且与ZVI的接触时间也起一定作用,综合证据表明,频繁干燥的指甲床在两次过滤之间的反应性不足以有效去除As。优化的过滤器具有增加的沙子层和升高的出水口,并具有流量限制,以使指甲永久浸入水中并增加接触时间,应该能够实现更高,更一致的除砷效率。
更新日期:2020-09-24
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