Azoxystrobin (AZ) is an aryloxy pyrimidine fungicide extensively applied in the agriculture field all over the world. There is a little information about the ecotoxicity of AZ fungicide on the freshwater snail Lymnaea luteola (L. luteola). The present study investigated the toxic effect of AZ fungicide on L. luteola by using various measures. We determined the mean LC50 value-96 h of AZ fungicide (0.79 mg/L) for L. luteola, in a static system. Based on this value, three sublethal concentrations, viz., I (0.079 mg/L), II (~ 0.40 mg/L), and III (~ 0.53 mg/L), were determined. The snails were exposed to these three concentrations of AZ fungicide for 96 h, and hemolymph and digestive glands were collected after 24 and 96 h for assessment of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and histological and genotoxic changes. The induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis in hemocyte cells was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It was observed that lipid peroxide (LPO) and glutathione S transferase (GST) were increased, and glutathione and superoxide dismutase decreased in digestive glands. A similar trend was observed for the DNA damage as measured in terms of the percentage of tail DNA and olive tail moment in digestive gland cells. This study showed the collective use of oxidative stress, histological, and genotoxicity parameters in in vivo laboratory studies using snails that are useful for screening the toxic potential of environmental contaminants such as AZ fungicide.Graphical abstract.

中文翻译：

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ROS的产生在淡水蜗牛Lymnaea luteola L.上的杀螨活性杀菌剂的急性遗传毒性中的作用。

Azoxystrobin（AZ）是一种芳氧基嘧啶杀菌剂，在世界各地的农业领域中广泛使用。关于AZ杀菌剂对淡水蜗牛Lymnaea luteola（L. luteola）的生态毒性的信息很少。本研究通过各种措施研究了AZ杀真菌剂对L. luteola的毒性作用。我们在静态系统中确定了L. luteola AZ杀真菌剂（0.79 mg / L）的平均LC50值-96 h。基于该值，确定了三个亚致死浓度，即I（0.079 mg / L），II（〜0.40 mg / L）和III（〜0.53 mg / L）。将蜗牛暴露于这三种浓度的AZ杀菌剂96小时，并在24和96小时后收集血淋巴和消化腺，以评估氧化应激，细胞凋亡以及组织学和遗传毒性变化。血细胞中细胞内活性氧（ROS）的诱导和细胞凋亡以剂量和时间依赖性方式增加。观察到在消化腺中脂质过氧化物（LPO）和谷胱甘肽S转移酶（GST）增加，而谷胱甘肽和超氧化物歧化酶减少。用消化腺细胞中尾巴DNA和橄榄尾矩的百分比来衡量，发现了DNA损伤的类似趋势。这项研究表明，在蜗牛使用的体内实验室研究中，集体使用了氧化应激，组织学和遗传毒性参数，这些蜗牛可用于筛选环境污染物（例如AZ杀菌剂）的潜在毒性。观察到在消化腺中脂质过氧化物（LPO）和谷胱甘肽S转移酶（GST）增加，而谷胱甘肽和超氧化物歧化酶减少。用消化腺细胞中尾巴DNA和橄榄尾矩的百分比来衡量，发现了DNA损伤的类似趋势。这项研究表明，在蜗牛使用的体内实验室研究中，集体使用了氧化应激，组织学和遗传毒性参数，这些蜗牛可用于筛选环境污染物（例如AZ杀菌剂）的潜在毒性。观察到在消化腺中脂质过氧化物（LPO）和谷胱甘肽S转移酶（GST）增加，而谷胱甘肽和超氧化物歧化酶减少。用消化腺细胞中尾巴DNA和橄榄尾矩的百分比来衡量，发现了DNA损伤的类似趋势。这项研究表明，在蜗牛使用的体内实验室研究中，集体使用了氧化应激，组织学和遗传毒性参数，这些蜗牛可用于筛选环境污染物（例如AZ杀菌剂）的潜在毒性。