Weed resistance to herbicides is a serious agricultural issue that threatens the sustainability of world food production, as its widespread appearance has reduced the diversity of weed control practices and posed economic and environmental risks. Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), a very competitive weed in winter cereals, has evolved resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides used in Greece. As growth rate and genetic structure of weeds affect their competitive ability against crops, the purpose of this work was to study the effect of geographical origin and resistance profile on growth rate and genetic structure of five S. arvensis populations. In particular, the cross-resistant to tribenuron and imazamox P2, P3 and P4 populations originating from the counties of Larissa, Phthiotida, and Pieria, respectively, the resistant to tribenuron P1 originating from Chalkidiki and the susceptible PS originating from Thessaloniki were evaluated. The growth rate was studied by determining fresh weight, number of leaves, height, and seed weight of plants, whereas the genetic structure by using six inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Regarding growth rate, the b slope values of the linear equation fitted on fresh weight regression against sampling time were 10.87, 9.94 and 11.41 for P2, P3 and P4 populations, respectively, which were higher than those of P1 (8.03) and PS (6.79) populations, while the b slopes of leaf number were 3.8 and 4.63 for P3 and P1 populations, which were higher than those of PS (2.1), P2 (2.79) and P4 (2.84). The use of ISSR markers showed also differences between populations in their genetic structure parameters [genetic diversity (h), Shannon index (I), number of alleles (Na), percentage of polymorphic loci for each population (P%), variance among and within populations, and FST value, that is a measure of differentiation among populations due to genetic structure], which attributed to origin and herbicide resistance profile. The ISSR bands indicated that 80% of the molecular variation was within populations and 20% among populations. In addition, the dendrogram produced by the combination of GenALEx and MEGA7 statistical software, along with the corresponding PCoA graphical output indicated similar groups of the individuals belonging in these populations.

中文翻译：

---

希腊白鲟易感和抗除草剂种群的生长速率和遗传结构

杂草对除草剂的抗性是一个严重的农业问题，威胁着世界粮食生产的可持续性，因为它的广泛出现减少了杂草控制实践的多样性，并带来了经济和环境风险。野芥菜 (Sinapis arvensis) 是冬季谷物中一种非常有竞争力的杂草，已经进化出对希腊使用的 ALS 抑制除草剂的抗性。由于杂草的生长速度和遗传结构影响其对作物的竞争能力，本工作的目的是研究地理起源和抗性特征对五个 S. arvensis 种群的生长速度和遗传结构的影响。尤其是对分别来自拉里萨、Phthiotida 和 Pieria 县的苯脲和咪草啶酸 P2、P3 和 P4 种群的交叉抗性，对源自哈尔基季基的苯脲 P1 的抗性和源自塞萨洛尼基的易感 PS 进行了评估。通过测定植物的鲜重、叶数、高度和种子重量来研究生长速率，而通过使用六个内部简单序列重复（ISSR）分子标记来研究遗传结构。关于生长率，P2、P3和P4种群的鲜重回归拟合线性方程的b斜率值分别为10.87、9.94和11.41，高于P1（8.03）和PS（6.79） ) 种群，而 P3 和 P1 种群的叶数 b 斜率分别为 3.8 和 4.63，高于 PS (2.1)、P2 (2.79) 和 P4 (2.84)。ISSR 标记的使用还显示了种群之间遗传结构参数的差异 [遗传多样性 (h)、香农指数 (I)、等位基因数 (Na)、每个种群的多态位点百分比 (P%)、种群内和 FST 值，这是由于遗传结构而导致种群间分化的量度]，这归因于起源和除草剂抗性特征。ISSR条带表明80%的分子变异在种群内，20%在种群之间。此外，由 GenALEx 和 MEGA7 统计软件组合生成的树状图以及相应的 PCoA 图形输出表明属于这些群体的相似个体组。每个种群的多态性位点百分比 (P%)、种群间和种群内的方差以及 FST 值，这是由于遗传结构而导致种群间分化的量度]，这归因于起源和除草剂抗性特征。ISSR条带表明80%的分子变异在种群内，20%在种群之间。此外，由 GenALEx 和 MEGA7 统计软件组合生成的树状图以及相应的 PCoA 图形输出表明属于这些群体的相似个体组。每个种群的多态性位点百分比 (P%)、种群间和种群内的方差以及 FST 值，这是由于遗传结构而导致种群间分化的量度]，这归因于起源和除草剂抗性特征。ISSR条带表明80%的分子变异在种群内，20%在种群之间。此外，由 GenALEx 和 MEGA7 统计软件组合生成的树状图以及相应的 PCoA 图形输出表明属于这些群体的相似个体组。ISSR条带表明80%的分子变异在种群内，20%在种群之间。此外，由 GenALEx 和 MEGA7 统计软件组合生成的树状图以及相应的 PCoA 图形输出表明属于这些群体的相似个体组。ISSR条带表明80%的分子变异在种群内，20%在种群之间。此外，由 GenALEx 和 MEGA7 统计软件组合生成的树状图以及相应的 PCoA 图形输出表明属于这些群体的相似个体组。