In recent years, the topic of catalysis by carbon materials (carbocatalysis) has experienced rapid growth. Every year the scope of application of carbocatalysts is expanding swiftly, spreading to areas in which metal catalysts seemed to have no alternative until recently. Due to their structural diversity and functionalization possibilities, carbon materials offer almost limitless possibilities for creating various catalytically active sites. It is of crucial importance to understand the mechanisms of action of chemically active sites of carbocatalysts for the development of this field. The latest discoveries have unveiled the complexity of this topic and the need to take into account the effects associated with the simultaneous presence of various active sites on the surface of carbon materials. Despite the significant advances in modern research in the field of carbocatalysis, it is important to remember the origins of the use of carbon materials in catalysis. New methods of studying old and almost forgotten reactions often lead to very interesting discoveries. This review focuses on the historical development of ideas about the catalytic activity of carbon materials, modern concepts of the mechanisms of carbocatalytic reactions, and recent studies of the role of carbene centers of graphene materials in catalytic processes.

中文翻译：

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碳催化：从乙炔三聚到现代有机合成。回顾

近年来，碳材料催化（carbocatalysis）的主题经历了快速增长。每年碳催化剂的应用范围都在迅速扩大，扩展到金属催化剂直到最近似乎别无选择的领域。由于其结构多样性和功能化可能性，碳材料为创建各种催化活性位点提供了几乎无限的可能性。了解碳催化剂化学活性位点的作用机制对于该领域的发展至关重要。最新发现揭示了该主题的复杂性，以及需要考虑与碳材料表面同时存在各种活性位点相关的影响。尽管碳催化领域的现代研究取得了重大进展，但重要的是要记住在催化中使用碳材料的起源。研究旧的和几乎被遗忘的反应的新方法通常会带来非常有趣的发现。本综述重点关注碳材料催化活性思想的历史发展、碳催化反应机制的现代概念，以及石墨烯材料卡宾中心在催化过程中的作用的最新研究。