The present study was conducted at a University campus of Agra to determine concentrations of crustal and trace elements in submicron mode (PM₁) particles to reveal sources and detrimental effects of PM₁-bound metals (Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Ni) in samples collected in the foggy (1 December 2016–17 January 2017) and non-foggy periods (1 April 2016–30 June 2016). Samples were collected twice a week on preweighed quartz fibre filters (QM-A 47 mm) for 24 h using Envirotech APM 577 (flow rate 10 l min⁻¹). Mass concentration of PM₁ was 135.0 ± 28.2 and 54.0 ± 18.5 µg/m³ during foggy and non-foggy period, respectively; crustal and trace elements were 13 and 4% during foggy and 11 and 3% in the non-foggy period. Source identification by PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that biomass burning and coal combustion was the prominent sources in foggy period followed by resuspended soil dust, industrial and vehicular emission, whereas in non-foggy period resuspended soil dust was dominant followed by biomass burning and coal combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions. In both episodes, Mn has the highest Hq (hazard quotient) value and Cr has the highest IlcR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) value for both adults and children. In vitro cytotoxicity impact on macrophage (J774) cells was also tested using MTT assay which revealed decreasing cell viability with increasing particle mass.

本研究是在阿格拉大学校园内进行的，旨在确定亚微米模式（PM ₁）颗粒中地壳和微量元素的浓度，以揭示与PM ₁结合的金属（Cr，Cd，Mn，Zn，As，在有雾（2016年12月1日至2017年1月17日）和非有雾时期（2016年4月1日至2016年6月30日）收集的样品中含有Co，Pb，Cu和Ni）。每周两次使用Envirotech APM 577在预先称重的石英纤维过滤器（QM-A 47毫米）上收集样品24小时（流速为10 l min ^-1）。PM _1的质量浓度为135.0±28.2和54.0±18.5 µg / m ³在有雾和非有雾期间 在大雾时期，地壳和微量元素分别为13％和4％，在非有雾时期为11％和3％。通过PCA进行的源识别（主成分分析）表明，在大雾时期，生物质燃烧和煤炭燃烧是主要来源，其次是重悬的土壤粉尘，工业和车辆排放，而在无雾时期，重悬的土壤尘土是主要的来源，随后是生物质燃烧和重燃。燃煤，工业和车辆排放。在这两次事件中，成人和儿童的Mn均具有最高的Hq（危险商）值，而Cr则具有最高的IlcR（终生癌症增量）值。还使用MTT测定法测试了对巨噬细胞（J774）细胞的体外细胞毒性影响，其揭示了随着颗粒质量增加细胞活力降低。