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Characterization of ambient PM1 at a suburban site of Agra: chemical composition, sources, health risk and potential cytotoxicity

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Abstract

The present study was conducted at a University campus of Agra to determine concentrations of crustal and trace elements in submicron mode (PM1) particles to reveal sources and detrimental effects of PM1-bound metals (Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Ni) in samples collected in the foggy (1 December 2016–17 January 2017) and non-foggy periods (1 April 2016–30 June 2016). Samples were collected twice a week on preweighed quartz fibre filters (QM-A 47 mm) for 24 h using Envirotech APM 577 (flow rate 10 l min−1). Mass concentration of PM1 was 135.0 ± 28.2 and 54.0 ± 18.5 µg/m3 during foggy and non-foggy period, respectively; crustal and trace elements were 13 and 4% during foggy and 11 and 3% in the non-foggy period. Source identification by PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that biomass burning and coal combustion was the prominent sources in foggy period followed by resuspended soil dust, industrial and vehicular emission, whereas in non-foggy period resuspended soil dust was dominant followed by biomass burning and coal combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions. In both episodes, Mn has the highest Hq (hazard quotient) value and Cr has the highest IlcR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) value for both adults and children. In vitro cytotoxicity impact on macrophage (J774) cells was also tested using MTT assay which revealed decreasing cell viability with increasing particle mass.

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Fig. 6.1

Source contributions to PM1 during foggy period

Fig. 6.2

Source contributions to PM1 during non-foggy period

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Acknowledgements

Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work which is provided by Department of Science and Technology (EMR/2016/001255). The authors thank the Director, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra and Head, Department of Chemistry for providing all facilities and help to carry out this work. The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Arun Chopra, Hindustan College of Science and Technology, Mathura, for extending facility for cytotoxicity analysis.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP, 282005, India

    Ankita Mangal, Aparna Satsangi, Anita Lakhani & K. Maharaj Kumari

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  1. Ankita Mangal
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Mangal, A., Satsangi, A., Lakhani, A. et al. Characterization of ambient PM1 at a suburban site of Agra: chemical composition, sources, health risk and potential cytotoxicity. Environ Geochem Health 43, 621–642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00737-6

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