A hybrid montmorillonite (Mt)-rich/chitosan composite (MCC) with high adsorption performance was synthesized for the decolorization of water used in the joss paper process. The performance was reported in terms of the dye removal. The composite expressed higher performance than chitosan or Mt-rich clay, respectively. The optimum condition for complete dye removal was achieved when using at least 0.6 g of the composite over a wide pH range (3–10) and initial dye concentration (10–100 mg L⁻¹). The composite showed good reusability without the requirement of regeneration, adsorbing the dye completely for up to eight successive cycles of adsorption (>1.33 g_dye g_MCC⁻¹). Thermodynamic analyses revealed the degree of spontaneity and the endothermic adsorption process. From the isotherm studies, the Koble–Corrigan isotherm model fitted very well to the experimental data, revealing that the composite had a heterogeneous surface with various active sites to adsorb the dye molecules. This also evidenced the synergistic electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction between the dye and the composite. The pseudo-second-order model best explained the kinetic rate of adsorption. From evaluation of the adsorption process using the Webber and Morris equation and Boyd model, the rate-limiting step consisted of film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion.

中文翻译：

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富蒙脱土/壳聚糖（MCC）的双重功能复合材料，用于使造纸过程中使用的水脱色：热力学，等温线和动力学研究

合成了一种具有高吸附性能的富蒙脱土/壳聚糖杂化复合材料（MCC），用于香纸工艺中的水脱色。该性能以去除染料的方式报告。该复合材料分别比壳聚糖或富Mt粘土表现出更高的性能。当在宽的pH范围（3-10）和初始染料浓度（10-100 mg L ^-1）下使用至少0.6 g的复合材料时，就可以达到完全去除染料的最佳条件。该复合材料显示出良好的可重复使用性，无需再生，可将染料完全吸附达八个连续的吸附周期（> 1.33 g_染料g _MCC ^-1）。热力学分析表明自发程度和吸热吸附过程。根据等温线研究，Koble–Corrigan等温线模型非常适合实验数据，表明该复合材料的表面具有异质性，具有吸附染料分子的各种活性位。这也证明了染料和复合材料之间的协同静电吸引和疏水相互作用。拟二级模型最好地解释了吸附的动力学速率。通过使用Webber和Morris方程以及Boyd模型评估吸附过程，限速步骤包括薄膜扩散和粒子内扩散。