Antibiotic resistance of microbes thriving in the animal gut is a growing concern for public health as it may serve as a hidden reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). We compared 16 control piglets to 24 piglets fed for 3 weeks with S1 or S2 fecal suspensions from two sows that were not exposed to antibiotics for at least 6 months: the first suspension decreased the erythromycin resistance gene ermB and the aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene conferring resistance to kanamycine (aphA3), while the second decreased the tetracycline resistance gene tetL, with an unexpected increase in ARGs. Using 16S RNA sequencing, we identified microbial species that are likely to carry ARGs, such as the lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase lnuB, the cephalosporinase cepA, and the tetracycline resistance genes tetG and tetM, as well as microbes that never co-exist with the tetracycline resistance gene tetQ, the erythromycin resistance gene ermG and aphA3. Since 73% of the microbes detected in the sows were not detected in the piglets at weaning, a neutral model was applied to estimate whether a microbial species is more important than chance would predict. This model confirmed that force-feeding modifies the dynamics of gut colonization. In conclusion, early inoculation of gut microbes is an interesting possibility to stimulate gut microbiota towards a desirable state in pig production, but more work is needed to be able to predict which communities should be used.

中文翻译：

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哺乳仔猪中微生物悬浮液的早期接种影响母体微生物群和相关抗生素抗性基因的传播

在动物肠道中兴旺发展的微生物对抗生素的抗药性日益受到公众健康的关注，因为它可能充当抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的隐性库。我们将16只对照仔猪与24只仔猪进行了3个星期的喂饲，分别用两只母猪的S1或S2粪便悬浮液接种了至少6个月的抗生素：第一个悬浮液降低了红霉素抗性基因ermB和氨基糖苷磷酸转移酶基因的耐药性卡那霉素（aphA3） ，而第二个降低了四环素抗性基因tetL的，与在args意外增加。使用16S RNA测序，我们确定了可能携带ARG的微生物，例如林可酰胺核苷酸转移酶lnuB，头孢菌素酶cepA和四环素抗性基因tetG和tetM，以及从未与四环素抗性基因tetQ，红霉素抗性基因ermG和aphA3共存的微生物。由于断奶时仔猪未检出母猪中73％的微生物，因此采用中性模型来估计微生物种类是否比偶然预测的重要性更大。该模型证实强制饲喂可以改变肠道定植的动力学。总之，早期接种肠道微生物是刺激肠道微生物群朝猪生产中理想状态的一种有趣的可能性，但是需要更多的工作来预测应该使用哪个群落。