Human-dominated land uses constitute a large and growing proportion of global land cover, so understanding their potential to support biodiversity is critical for effective conservation. Here, we asked how bee diversity and community composition differ among common humandominated land uses (teak plantations, coffee agroforestry, and pastures) during wet and dry seasons in the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica. We sampled over two years using blue vane and pan traps, collecting 47 genera and 119 species and morphospecies of bees. We observed similar numbers of bees in coffee farms and high elevation pastures, but collected substantially more bees in low elevation pastures relative to teak plantations during both seasons. Shannon diversity was greatest in pastures, with an estimated 20 more common species in low elevation pastures relative to teak plantations and estimated 13 more common species in high elevation pastures relative to coffee. Teak plantations were dominated by distinct taxa during the dry season compared to the other land uses, hosting stem-nesting genera such as Ceratina but lacking oil collecting groups like Centris and Epicharis. Our findings reflect the seasonal availability of habitat: teak is managed as a monoculture and blooms during the wet season, when fewer bees are active. In contrast, shade trees in pastures provide nectar, pollen, and nesting substrates throughout the year. Our study provides baseline information on regional bee biodiversity in a tropical agroecosystem, demonstrating the influence of both season and land use on an important group of pollinators in this system. To avoid biodiversity trade-offs, policies that incentivize the establishment of teak plantations as a form of reforestation should incorporate land management that enhances habitat of important insects such as native bees.

中文翻译：

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季节性干旱热带地区人类主导的土地利用方式，本地蜜蜂种群的生物多样性和群落组成各不相同

人类主导的土地利用在全球土地覆盖中所占的比例越来越大，而且还在不断增加，因此了解它们支持生物多样性的潜力对于有效保护至关重要。在这里，我们询问了哥斯达黎加尼科亚半岛在雨季和旱季期间人类主导的常见土地利用（柚木种植园、咖啡农林业和牧场）之间的蜜蜂多样性和群落组成有何不同。我们使用蓝色叶片和盘式捕集器对蜜蜂进行了两年多的采样，收集了 47 个属、119 种和形态种的蜜蜂。我们在咖啡农场和高海拔牧场观察到类似数量的蜜蜂，但在两个季节中，相对于柚木种植园，在低海拔牧场收集的蜜蜂数量要多得多。香农多样性在牧场中最大，与柚木种植园相比，低海拔牧场中估计有 20 种更常见的物种，而高海拔牧场中相对于咖啡种植的常见物种估计有 13 种。与其他土地用途相比，柚木种植园在旱季以不同的类群为主，拥有树干筑巢属，如 Ceratina，但缺乏 Centris 和 Epicharis 等采油组。我们的研究结果反映了栖息地的季节性可用性：柚木作为单一栽培进行管理，并在蜜蜂较少的雨季开花。相比之下，牧场上的遮荫树全年提供花蜜、花粉和筑巢基质。我们的研究提供了热带农业生态系统中区域蜜蜂生物多样性的基线信息，证明了季节和土地利用对该系统中重要的传粉媒介群体的影响。