Soil samples from the site of the former largest paint and varnish factory in ex-Yugoslavia were analyzed for arsenic and eight heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Fe, and Hg). Several additional soil properties (pH, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, and water content) were also measured. Multivariate analysis showed strong correlations between Pb and Zn; and a moderate correlation between Cu and Ni. There was no correlation between heavy metals and any of the analyzed soil properties parameters. A factor analysis grouped most heavy metals, except Cd, which showed different behavior, and Fe and As, which associated with soil properties. The soil samples were clustered into two distinctive groups. Positive matrix factorization receptor modeling clearly identified Zn and Pb as belonging to the traffic vehicle factor. The second factor dominating arsenic was industrial chemical emissions, while the third factor containing most of the heavy metals was attributed to natural background variation. The last non-metallic factor, dominated by sulfur, was the result of past activities in the paint facility. The average enrichment factor values were for the metals analyzed were: 0.73; 0.71; 2.4; 0.58; 2.3; 0.87; 1.6; and 0.76; for Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, As, and Hg, respectively. Only moderate soil enrichment by Pb and Zn was found. The geoaccumulation index values showed a moderately polluted soil with Pb and Zn, but most contributing to the ecological risk were Cd with 63% and Hg with 19%. These two metals are of major concern in this case study due to their high toxicity, even though they are present at very low concentrations. Generally, a moderate ecological risk was estimated for most soil samples, except for a small number of high-risk samples. Spatial distribution mapped three severely polluted sub-areas. In general, the paint and varnish industry moderately contributes to the contamination of soil. The main ecological risk from metal contamination is not related to the paint technological production process itself, but from other activities at the site that deposit of heavy metals into the soil.

中文翻译：

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某旧涂装厂土壤重金属生态风险评估

对来自前南斯拉夫最大的油漆和清漆厂遗址的土壤样本进行了砷和八种重金属（Pb、Cd、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、Fe 和 Hg）的分析。还测量了几种额外的土壤特性（pH、硫、氮、磷和水含量）。多变量分析显示 Pb 和 Zn 之间存在很强的相关性；Cu 和 Ni 之间存在中等相关性。重金属与任何分析的土壤特性参数之间没有相关性。一项因子分析对大多数重金属进行了分组，除了表现出不同行为的 Cd 以及与土壤性质相关的 Fe 和 As。土壤样品分为两个不同的组。正矩阵分解受体模型清楚地将 Zn 和 Pb 确定为属于交通车辆因素。主导砷的第二个因素是工业化学品排放，而包含大部分重金属的第三个因素归因于自然背景变化。最后一个以硫磺为主的非金属因素是油漆设施过去活动的结果。所分析金属的平均富集因子值为：0.73；0.71; 2.4; 0.58; 2.3; 0.87; 1.6; 和 0.76；分别为 Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni、Zn、Cu、As 和 Hg。仅发现 Pb 和 Zn 对土壤的适度富集。地积累指数值显示土壤中度污染 Pb 和 Zn，但对生态风险贡献最大的是 Cd 63% 和 Hg 19%。这两种金属由于它们的高毒性而成为本案例研究中的主要关注点，即使它们的浓度非常低。一般来说，除少数高风险样品外，大多数土壤样品估计为中等生态风险。空间分布映射了三个严重污染的子区域。一般来说，油漆和清漆行业对土壤污染的贡献不大。金属污染的主要生态风险与涂料技术生产过程本身无关，而是来自现场的其他活动，这些活动将重金属沉积到土壤中。