Background: Despite the sustained high prevalence of smoking among Indonesian adult men, little is known about possible protective factors in this group. This study examined the relationship between key characteristics of masculinity (e.g., fatherhood status, being the main breadwinner or sole provider for the family) and current smoking behaviours (smoking status and cigarettes smoked per day (CPD)) among Indonesian men aged 18–49 years. Methods: In total, 2540 Indonesian men aged 18–49 participated in the United Nations Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence, 2012. Fatherhood status was categorised into three groups: nonfathers, new fathers and more experienced fathers. The association between fatherhood status and current smoking, as well as fatherhood status and cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), was estimated by employing logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions, respectively. Results: Socioeconomic factors were associated with smoking behaviour among Indonesian adult men. The odds of smoking among new fathers and more experienced fathers were 2.3 (95% CI: 1.09–4.79) and 1.5 times (95% CI: 1.08–2.17) higher compared with nonfathers, respectively. Men who had a shared income with their partner or received income from their parents smoked 13% (95% CI 0.79–0.95) and 11% fewer CPD (95% CI 0.79–0.99) compared with men who were the main breadwinner, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, fatherhood represents an aspect of traditionally masculine roles, offering a new perspective for looking at smoking problems in Indonesia. Other key aspects of traditional masculinity characteristics, the breadwinner role, occupation and sources of family income had significant associations with smoking status and CPD. Men smoked fewer CPD as fathers and when sharing the financial responsibility for their family equally with their spouse.

中文翻译：

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印度尼西亚的父亲与吸烟问题：联合国关于男性与暴力的多国研究对18-49岁男性的潜在保护因素的探讨

背景：尽管印尼成年男子中吸烟率持续高居不下，但对该人群中可能的保护因素知之甚少。这项研究调查了印度尼西亚18至49岁男性中男性气质的主要特征（例如，父亲身份，主要的经济支柱或家庭唯一提供者）与当前吸烟行为（吸烟状况和每天抽烟（CPD））之间的关系。年份。方法：2012年，共有2540名18-49岁的印度尼西亚男子参加了联合国男子与暴力多国研究。父亲的身份分为三类：非父亲，新父亲和更有经验的父亲。父亲身份与当前吸烟之间的关联以及父亲身份与每天吸烟的关系（CPD），通过分别采用logistic和零膨胀负二项式回归来估计。结果：社会经济因素与印尼成年男性吸烟行为有关。与未父亲相比，新父亲和更有经验的父亲中吸烟的几率分别高2.3（95％CI：1.09-4.79）和1.5倍（95％CI：1.08-2.17）。与伴侣有共同收入或从父母那里获得收入的男性分别比主要养家的男性抽烟13％（95％CI 0.79-0.95）和CPD减少11％（95％CI 0.79-0.99）。结论：在这项研究中，父亲身份代表了传统男性角色的一个方面，为研究印度尼西亚的吸烟问题提供了新的视角。传统男性气概特征的其他关键方面，养家糊口的角色，职业和家庭收入来源与吸烟状况和CPD密切相关。作为父亲，男性和与配偶平等分担家庭经济责任时，吸烟的CPD较少。