Land exploitation for mining sector may leave a series of environmental impacts on our ecosystem if not appropriately managed. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the various environmental aspects due to abandoned metal mining including former iron ore, bauxite, and tin mining lands in view of its hydrogeochemical behavior. Mine-impacted waters and sediments were ascertained from former mining ponds, mine tailings, and impacted streams for interpretation of aqueous and sediment geochemistry, major and trace elements, hydrochemical facies, chemical weathering rate and CO2 consumption, and water quality classification. Results indicated that the environmental impact of the long-abandoned iron ore mine was still evident with some high concentration of metals and acidic pH. Higher concentrations of Fe and Mn in water were noticeable in some areas while other trace elements (Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, and Cu) were found below the recommended guideline values. Sediment quality reflected the trend of water quality variables mainly associated with metal(loid) elements, resulting in potential ecological risk, classified as having low to moderate risk. There were variations in terms of hydrochemical facies of the waters suggesting the influence of minerals in water. The chemical weathering rate suggests that contribution of carbonate mineral weathering was more important (up to 60%) than silicate weathering. The resulting CO2 consumption by mineral weathering was estimated to be in the range of 1.7-9.8 × 107 mol/year (former bauxite and tin mining areas can act as temporary sinks for CO2). Water quality classifications according to several chemical indices (Kelly's ratio, sodium absorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium absorption ratio, and permeability index) were also discussed in regards to mine water reuse for irrigation purpose. The findings suggest that a holistic approach that integrates all important hydrogeochemical aspects is essential for a thorough evaluation of the implication of medium- to long-term mining exploitation on its surrounding ecosystems. This would be beneficial in light of restoration potential of degraded mining land so as for future mitigation strategies in the mining sector.

中文翻译：

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从水文地球化学角度看废弃金属矿山的前景。

如果管理不当，采矿业的土地开发可能会对我们的生态系统造成一系列环境影响。因此，鉴于其水地球化学行为，本研究试图评估由于废弃金属开采而造成的各种环境影响，包括以前的铁矿石，铝土矿和锡矿土地。从以前的矿池，矿山尾矿和受影响的河流中确定受地雷影响的水和沉积物，以解释水和沉积物的地球化学，主要和微量元素，水化学相，化学风化率和CO2消耗以及水质分类。结果表明，在一些高浓度金属和酸性pH值的情况下，长期废弃的铁矿山对环境的影响仍然很明显。在某些区域，水中的Fe和Mn浓度较高，而其他微量元素（Pb，Zn，As，Cd，Cr和Cu）低于建议的指导值。泥沙质量反映了主要与金属（金属）元素有关的水质变量的趋势，从而导致了潜在的生态风险，分类为中低风险。在水的水化学相方面存在变化，表明水中矿物质的影响。化学风化速率表明，碳酸盐矿物风化的贡献比硅酸盐风化更重要（高达60％）。矿物风化产生的二氧化碳消耗量估计为1.7-9.8×107 mol /年（以前的铝土矿和锡矿开采区可作为二氧化碳的临时汇入地）。还针对灌溉用水对矿井回用水进行了讨论，根据几种化学指标（凯利比，钠吸收率，可溶性钠百分比，残留碳酸钠，镁吸收率和渗透率指数）对水质进行了分类。研究结果表明，整合所有重要水文地球化学方面的整体方法对于全面评估中长期采矿开采对其周围生态系统的影响至关重要。鉴于退化的采矿土地的恢复潜力以及采矿行业未来的缓解策略，这将是有益的。还讨论了有关灌溉用水的回用水问题。研究结果表明，整合所有重要水文地球化学方面的整体方法对于全面评估中长期采矿开采对其周围生态系统的影响至关重要。鉴于退化的采矿土地具有恢复潜力，以及采矿行业未来的缓解策略，这将是有益的。还讨论了有关灌溉用水的回用水问题。研究结果表明，整合所有重要水文地球化学方面的整体方法对于全面评估中长期采矿开采对其周围生态系统的影响至关重要。鉴于退化的采矿土地的恢复潜力以及采矿行业未来的缓解策略，这将是有益的。