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Prospect of abandoned metal mining sites from a hydrogeochemical perspective

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Abstract

Land exploitation for mining sector may leave a series of environmental impacts on our ecosystem if not appropriately managed. Therefore, the present study attempts to evaluate the various environmental aspects due to abandoned metal mining including former iron ore, bauxite, and tin mining lands in view of its hydrogeochemical behavior. Mine-impacted waters and sediments were ascertained from former mining ponds, mine tailings, and impacted streams for interpretation of aqueous and sediment geochemistry, major and trace elements, hydrochemical facies, chemical weathering rate and CO2 consumption, and water quality classification. Results indicated that the environmental impact of the long-abandoned iron ore mine was still evident with some high concentration of metals and acidic pH. Higher concentrations of Fe and Mn in water were noticeable in some areas while other trace elements (Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, and Cu) were found below the recommended guideline values. Sediment quality reflected the trend of water quality variables mainly associated with metal(loid) elements, resulting in potential ecological risk, classified as having low to moderate risk. There were variations in terms of hydrochemical facies of the waters suggesting the influence of minerals in water. The chemical weathering rate suggests that contribution of carbonate mineral weathering was more important (up to 60%) than silicate weathering. The resulting CO2 consumption by mineral weathering was estimated to be in the range of 1.7–9.8 × 107 mol/year (former bauxite and tin mining areas can act as temporary sinks for CO2). Water quality classifications according to several chemical indices (Kelly’s ratio, sodium absorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, magnesium absorption ratio, and permeability index) were also discussed in regards to mine water reuse for irrigation purpose. The findings suggest that a holistic approach that integrates all important hydrogeochemical aspects is essential for a thorough evaluation of the implication of medium- to long-term mining exploitation on its surrounding ecosystems. This would be beneficial in light of restoration potential of degraded mining land so as for future mitigation strategies in the mining sector.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this research was provided through the FRGS (5540081), Putra IPM/IPS (9574900 and 9453700) research grants funded by the Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), and Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (MOHE). The authors would also like to acknowledge technical assistance of the laboratory staffs of Faculty of Environmental Studies UPM.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Faradiella Mohd Kusin, Nur Aqilah Sulong, Fatin Nur Atirah Affandi & Verma Loretta M. Molahid

  2. Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Faradiella Mohd Kusin

  3. Department of Land Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Shamshuddin Jusop

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  1. Faradiella Mohd Kusin
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  2. Nur Aqilah Sulong
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Correspondence to Faradiella Mohd Kusin.

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Kusin, F.M., Sulong, N.A., Affandi, F.N.A. et al. Prospect of abandoned metal mining sites from a hydrogeochemical perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 2678–2695 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10626-1

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