The seasonal occurrence of species and timing of key events in their life (phenology) affects the ecology and evolution of every species, population, and species community (SC) on Earth. Shifting phenologies and mismatches between species may affect range limits and lead to extinctions and biodiversity loss, which are especially concerning in ecologically and economically important SCs like coprophilous beetles. This study provides phenological data for many species of coprophilous beetles from the Midwestern region of the United States, includes the often-missing winter months, and compares the seasonal and successional differences between the “relocator” and “dweller” guilds. Beetles were sampled biweekly throughout the year from a 3.8 ha Farm in Adrian, SE-Michigan using 15 pitfall traps baited with cow manure. Samples were collected after 48 h and again after 72 h exposure time. Over the entire year, I caught 6,069 specimens from 24 species of Scarabaeoidea and 13 species of Hydrophilidae. The ROSARIO null model for continuous temporal data suggested a significant seasonal overlap of the SC (p < 0.0001) and a cluster analysis based on Pianka’s niche overlap index identified five clusters at a minimum overlap of 55% falling into three major phenological guilds. “Relocators” (6 Scarabaeinae, 2 Aphodiinae species) overlapped on average by 48.4%, whereas “dwellers” (9 Aphodiinae, 10 Hydrophilidae species) overlapped by 36.0% (Mann–Whitney test, p = 0.055). Small Hydrophilidae dwellers overlapped by 30.9% whereas large hydrophilid dwellers overlapped by 96.9%. Individual phenological patterns were compared to other sites in North America and Europe and predictions about geographical and phenological changes due to the man-made climate crisis and habitat loss and fragmentation are discussed. Differences between the seasonal overlaps of “relocators” and “dwellers” as well as small and large Onthophagus relocators and Hydrophilidae dwellers are suggesting profound ecological differences between the guilds and sub-guilds.

中文翻译：

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美国密歇根州东南部养牛场全年嗜粪甲虫（鞘翅目：金龟子科和亲水科）的物候模式和季节性分离

物种的季节性发生及其生命中关键事件的时间（物候）影响地球上每个物种、种群和物种群落 (SC) 的生态和进化。物种之间的物候变化和不匹配可能会影响范围限制并导致灭绝和生物多样性丧失，这在生态和经济上重要的 SCs 中尤其令人担忧，如嗜粪甲虫。这项研究提供了美国中西部地区许多嗜粪甲虫物种的物候数据，包括经常缺失的冬季月份，并比较了“迁移者”和“居住者”行会之间的季节性和演替差异。全年每两周从密歇根东南部阿德里安的一个 3.8 公顷农场使用 15 个用牛粪作为诱饵的陷阱陷阱对甲虫进行采样。48 小时后和72 小时暴露时间后再次收集样品。全年，我从金龟子科 24 种和亲水科 13 种中捕获了 6,069 个标本。用于连续时间数据的 ROSARIO 空模型表明 SC 存在显着的季节性重叠 (p < 0.0001)，基于 Pianka 的生态位重叠指数的聚类分析确定了五个最小重叠度为 55% 的聚类落入三个主要物候行会。“重定位者”（6 个金龟子科，2 个 Aphodiinae 物种）平均重叠 48.4%，而“居住者”（9 个 Aphodiinae，10 个亲水性物种）重叠 36.0%（Mann-Whitney 检验，p = 0.055）。小型亲水科居民的重叠率为 30.9%，而大型亲水科居民的重叠率为 96.9%。将个别物候模式与北美和欧洲的其他地点进行了比较，并讨论了由于人为气候危机以及栖息地丧失和破碎化导致的地理和物候变化的预测。“迁移者”和“居民”以及小型和大型食蚁兽迁移者和亲水科居民的季节性重叠之间的差异表明行会和子行会之间存在深刻的生态差异。