The residue of herbaceous Prunella vulgaris stem (PVS) was evaluated as a potential adsorbent for dye removal, followed by fungal cultivation to achieve dye degradation on solid waste. PVS was analyzed in terms of nutritional composition such as fiber, ash, protein, and fat, which not only played a role in dye adsorption but also provided solid matrix for fungal growth. Five dyes, namely, crystal violet (CV), methylene blue (MB), reactive black 5 (RB), indigo carmine (IC), and direct red 80 (DR), were tested as adsorbates but only CV and MB were effectively adsorbed. Effect of sorbent dose, contact time, dye concentration, and NaCl on adsorption was investigated individually. Langmuir model was suitable for fitting MB adsorption, while adsorption of CV adopted the Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity was calculated to be 625 mg/g for CV and 303 mg/g for MB, respectively. The adsorption process of both dyes was spontaneous and endothermic, and the adsorption followed pseudo 2nd order kinetic model and film diffusion model. The dyed PVS was finally cultivated with fungus Pycnoporus sp., wherein efficient dye decolorization was attained under solid state fermentation. As such, PVS coupled with subsequent fungal degradation might serve as novel alternative for dye effluent treatment.

中文翻译：

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夏枯草茎从水中吸附染料和随后的真菌脱色

草本夏枯草茎 (PVS) 的残留物被评估为潜在的染料去除吸附剂，随后进行真菌培养以实现固体废物上的染料降解。PVS从纤维、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪等营养成分进行分析，不仅起到吸附染料的作用，还为真菌的生长提供了固体基质。五种染料，即结晶紫 (CV)、亚甲蓝 (MB)、活性黑 5 (RB)、靛蓝胭脂红 (IC) 和直接红 80 (DR) 被测试为吸附质，但只有 CV 和 MB 被有效吸附. 单独研究了吸附剂剂量、接触时间、染料浓度和 NaCl 对吸附的影响。Langmuir 模型适用于 MB 吸附的拟合，而 CV 的吸附采用 Freundlich 模型。经计算，CV 的吸附容量分别为 625 毫克/克和 MB 的 303 毫克/克。两种染料的吸附过程都是自发吸热的，吸附遵循拟二级动力学模型和薄膜扩散模型。染色后的 PVS 最终与真菌 Pycnoporus sp. 一起培养，其中在固态发酵下实现了有效的染料脱色。因此，PVS 加上随后的真菌降解可能成为染料废水处理的新选择。