Grey and cream ware were widely produced and traded in Roman towns in Northern France (a region known as Civitas Nerviorum). A large production centre of grey and cream ware in northern France was Famars, where 15 pottery kilns functioned between the 2nd and 4th centuries ad. In order to identify the raw materials and to reconstruct the technology of grey and cream ware produced at Famars, 51 sherds found in the pottery waste, associated with kilns, were investigated by means of optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, cold field emission scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analysis. The optical microscopy analysis allowed to define the Quartz (Qz), Microfossil-Glauconite (MFG) and Quartz-Microfossil-Glauconite (QzMFG) petrographic groups, as well as the Quartz + Argillaceous Rocks Fragments (QZ + ARF), Microfossil-Glauconite Fine (MFG Fine) and Microfossil-Glauconite + Chamotte (MFG + Chm) variants. The defining components for all groups are quartz, glauconite pellets and microfossils, but in variable proportions. The chemical data support the optical microscopy analysis and reveal the differences between the petrographic groups: Qz sherds are rich in Si and Fe, whereas MFG sherds contain more Ca, Al and K. Firing phases, as seen in scanning electron microscopy analysis, include glass, melilite, clinopyroxene and an Fe aluminosilicate. The matrix of most sherds of the MFG and QzMFG groups shows low sintering and initial vitrification, while the matrix of the Qz group displays mostly extensive and continuous vitrification. The results permitted to identify two kinds of raw materials, most likely originating from local georesources. One raw material, with high Si and Fe, was fired in a reducing kiln atmosphere in order to produce grey ware, while the other, with high Ca, Al and K, was fired in oxidising conditions in order to produce cream ware.

中文翻译：

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公元2至4世纪法玛斯（法国北部）罗马陶器生产的连续性和多样性：从陶器废物中获得的见解

灰色和奶油制品在法国北部（称为Civitas Nerviorum的地区）的罗马城镇中广泛生产和交易。在法国北部灰和奶油制品的大型生产中心是Famars，其中15座陶窑第二和第四世纪之间运作的广告。为了鉴定原料并重建法玛斯生产的灰色和奶油制品的技术，通过光学显微镜，X射线荧光光谱法，冷场发射法研究了与窑炉相关的陶器废物中发现的51个石块。扫描电子显微镜和电子探针分析。光学显微镜分析可以确定石英（Qz），微化石-青石（MFG）和石英-微化石-青石（QzMFG）岩石学组，以及石英+硅藻土碎片（QZ + ARF），微化石-青石微粉（MFG Fine）和Microfossil-Glauconite + Chamotte（MFG + Chm）变体。所有组的定义成分是石英，青石小球和微化石，但比例不同。化学数据支持光学显微镜分析并揭示了岩石学组之间的差异：Qz牧草富含Si和Fe，而MFG牧草包含更多的Ca，Al和K。在扫描电子显微镜分析中可以看到，烧成相包括玻璃。 ，陨石，斜辉石和铝硅酸铁。MFG和QzMFG组的大多数片状矩阵显示出较低的烧结和初始玻璃化，而Qz组的矩阵显示出大部分的连续玻璃化。结果可以识别两种原材料，最有可能来自当地的地质资源。一种具有高Si和Fe的原料在还原窑气氛中进行烧制以生产灰瓷器皿，而另一种具有高Ca，Al和K的原料在氧化条件下进行烧成以制备奶油制品。