Ti-stabilized 321 stainless steel was prepared using an electric arc furnace, argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) furnace, ladle furnace (LF), and continuous casting processes. In addition, the effect of refining process and utilization of different slags on the evolution of inclusions, titanium yield, and oxygen content was systematically investigated by experimental and thermodynamic analysis. The results reveal that the total oxygen content (TO) and inclusion density decreased during the refining process. The spherical CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO inclusions existed in the 321 stainless steel after the AOD process. Moreover, prior to the Ti addition, the spherical CaO–Al₂O₃–MgO–SiO₂ inclusions were observed during LF refining process. However, Ti addition resulted in multilayer CaO–Al₂O₃–MgO–TiO_x inclusions. Two different samples were prepared by conventional CaO–Al₂O₃-based slag (Heat-1) and TiO₂-rich CaO–Al₂O₃-based slag (Heat-2). The statistical analysis revealed that the density of inclusions and the TiO_x content in CaO–Al₂O₃–MgO–TiO_x inclusions found in Heat-2 sample are much lower than those in the Heat-1 sample. Furthermore, the TO content and Ti yield during the LF refining process were controlled by using TiO₂-rich calcium aluminate synthetic slag. These results were consistent with the ion–molecule coexistence theory and FactSage™7.2 software calculations. When TiO₂-rich CaO–Al₂O₃-based slag was used, the TiO₂ activity of the slag increased, and the equilibrium oxygen content significantly decreased from the AOD to LF processes. Therefore, the higher TiO₂ activity of slag and lower equilibrium oxygen content suppressed the undesirable reactions between Ti and O.

使用电弧炉，氩氧脱碳（AOD）炉，钢包炉（LF）和连续铸造工艺制备了钛稳定的321不锈钢。此外，通过实验和热力学分析系统地研究了精炼工艺和利用不同炉渣对夹杂物的演变，钛产量和氧含量的影响。结果表明，精炼过程中总氧含量（TO）和夹杂物密度降低。经过AOD处理后的321不锈钢中存在球形CaO-SiO ₂ -Al ₂ O ₃ -MgO夹杂物。此外，在添加钛之前，球形CaO–Al ₂ O ₃ –MgO–SiO ₂LF精炼过程中观察到夹杂物。但是，添加Ti会导致多层CaO–Al ₂ O ₃ –MgO–TiO _x夹杂物。用常规的基于CaO–Al ₂ O ₃的炉渣（Heat-1）和富含TiO _2的基于CaO–Al ₂ O ₃的炉渣（Heat-2）制备了两个不同的样品。统计分析表明，CaO–Al ₂ O ₃ –MgO–TiO _x中夹杂物的密度和TiO _x含量Heat-2样品中发现的夹杂物远低于Heat-1样品中的夹杂物。此外，通过使用富含TiO _2的铝酸钙合成渣来控制LF精炼过程中的TO含量和Ti产量。这些结果与离子-分子共存理论和FactSage™7.2软件计算相符。当使用富含TiO _2的CaO–Al ₂ O ₃基炉渣时，从AOD到LF工艺，炉渣的TiO ₂活性增加，并且平衡氧含量显着降低。因此，炉渣较高的TiO ₂活性和较低的平衡氧含量抑制了Ti和O之间的不良反应。