Gender role development occurs in the earliest months and years of a child’s life. Parental attitudes, behaviours and modelling are likely to play a significant role in this process; however, to date no review has been conducted to consolidate knowledge of the effects of differential parenting on child development. This systematic review aimed to investigate the evidence for differential parenting behaviours based on child gender that affect child development, across six areas (vocalisation, socialisation, play, toys, dress and décor). Searches were conducted for English article using four databases: psycINFO, CINAHL, Sociological Abstract, and SCOPUS. The inclusion criteria were biological or adoptive parents, of a typically developing child aged below five, using any parenting behaviour or strategies that differed by child gender. 45 studies were included in this systematic review (14 vocalisation, 21 socialisation, 7 play, 3 toys). A variety of gender-differentiated parenting behaviours and child outcomes were examined. The review found evidence that parents do respond differently to their children. Parents vocalised differently, used different socialising strategies, played differently and provided different toys to their sons and daughters. This differential parenting was associated with some differences in child development across child gender, including differences in child vocalisation, displays of affect, pain responses, compliance, toy play and aggression. However, the overall quality of the evidence, the lack of longitudinal studies and the heterogeneous nature of the outcomes examined suggest the need for a systematic approach to examining the nature and effects of differential parenting on children’s development.

性别角色发展发生在儿童生命的最初几个月和几年。父母的态度、行为和榜样很可能在这个过程中发挥重要作用；然而，迄今为止，尚未进行任何审查来巩固关于差异化养育对儿童发展影响的知识。本系统评价旨在调查基于影响儿童发育的儿童性别差异养育行为的证据，涉及六个领域（发声、社交、游戏、玩具、服装和装饰）。使用四个数据库对英文文章进行搜索：psycINFO、CINAHL、Sociological Abstract 和 SCOPUS。纳入标准是亲生父母或养父母，通常是五岁以下儿童的父母，他们使用任何因儿童性别而异的养育行为或策略。该系统评价包括 45 项研究（14 项发声、21 项社交、7 项游戏、3 项玩具）。检查了各种性别差异的养育行为和儿童结果。审查发现有证据表明父母对孩子的反应确实不同。父母的声音不同，使用不同的社交策略，玩不同的游戏，并为他们的儿子和女儿提供不同的玩具。这种不同的养育方式与不同性别儿童发育的一些差异有关，包括儿童发声、情感表现、疼痛反应、依从性、玩具游戏和攻击性的差异。然而，证据的整体质量，