As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to age-related brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell–mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the long-term recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease.

由于减轻大脑衰老仍然是一个关键的公共卫生优先事项，对衰老身体的全面综合考虑已确定免疫衰老是与年龄相关的脑损伤和疾病的潜在因素。重要的是，神经系统和免疫系统进行双向交流，可以对彼此产生深远的影响。新出现的证据支持先天性炎症免疫反应和适应性 T 细胞介导的免疫对神经功能和患病或受伤的大脑状态（如中风）的影响。事实上，越来越多的证据支持大脑驻留免疫细胞激活和外周免疫浸润对中风后急性损伤阶段和长期恢复期的关键影响。因此，免疫系统的调节对于针对与年龄相关的破坏性脑损伤的新型治疗干预来说是一种有吸引力的策略，而对于这种损伤，目前几乎没有现成的神经保护治疗或神经恢复方法。然而，B 细胞在大脑功能中的作用，特别是在中风反应中的作用尚未得到彻底阐明，并且仍然存在争议，这使得我们对神经免疫相互作用的理解不完整。重要的是，新出现的证据表明 B 细胞不是中风损伤的致病因素，实际上可能促进功能恢复，支持其作为新型治疗靶点的潜在价值。 通过总结目前关于 B 细胞在中风病理学和恢复中的作用的知识，并解释它们在与其他免疫细胞相互作用的背景下的作用以及改变其在老年人群中的功能的免疫衰老级联，本综述支持加深对 B 细胞的理解。在大脑衰老、损伤和疾病的背景下，神经系统和免疫系统之间复杂的相互作用。