As mitigation of brain aging continues to be a key public health priority, a wholistic and comprehensive consideration of the aging body has identified immunosenescence as a potential contributor to age-related brain injury and disease. Importantly, the nervous and immune systems engage in bidirectional communication and can exert profound influence on each other. Emerging evidence supports numerous impacts of innate, inflammatory immune responses and adaptive T cell–mediated immunity in neurological function and diseased or injured brain states, such as stroke. Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports key impacts of brain-resident immune cell activation and peripheral immune infiltration in both the post-stroke acute injury phase and the long-term recovery period. As such, modulation of the immune system is an attractive strategy for novel therapeutic interventions for a devastating age-related brain injury for which there are few readily available neuroprotective treatments or neurorestorative approaches. However, the role of B cells in the context of brain function, and specifically in response to stroke, has not been thoroughly elucidated and remains controversial, leaving our understanding of neuroimmune interactions incomplete. Importantly, emerging evidence suggests that B cells are not pathogenic contributors to stroke injury, and in fact may facilitate functional recovery, supporting their potential value as novel therapeutic targets. By summarizing the current knowledge of the role of B cells in stroke pathology and recovery and interpreting their role in the context of their interactions with other immune cells as well as the immunosenescence cascades that alter their function in aged populations, this review supports an increased understanding of the complex interplay between the nervous and immune systems in the context of brain aging, injury, and disease.

由于减轻大脑衰老仍然是公共卫生的重点工作，因此，对衰老身体的全面和全面考虑已确定免疫衰老是与年龄有关的脑损伤和疾病的潜在原因。重要的是，神经系统和免疫系统会进行双向通讯，并且会彼此产生深远的影响。越来越多的证据支持先天性，炎症性免疫应答和适应性T细胞介导的免疫对神经功能以及患病或受伤的脑部状态（例如中风）的多种影响。确实，越来越多的证据支持在卒中后急性损伤阶段和长期恢复期中，大脑驻留免疫细胞激活和外周免疫浸润的关键影响。因此，调节免疫系统是针对与年龄相关的毁灭性脑损伤的新型治疗手段的一项引人注目的策略，针对该疾病的神经保护疗法或神经修复方法很少见。然而，B细胞在脑功能，特别是对中风的反应中的作用尚未得到充分阐明，并且仍存在争议，这使我们对神经免疫相互作用的理解不完整。重要的是，新出现的证据表明B细胞不是中风损伤的致病因素，实际上可以促进功能恢复，支持其作为新型治疗靶标的潜在价值。